-
Article
Endomorphins exit the brain by a saturable efflux system at the basolateral surface of cerebral endothelial cells
Endomorphin-1 (EM-1) and endomorphin-2 (EM-2) are two highly selective mu-opiate receptor agonists. We recently demonstrated that EM-1 and EM-2 have a saturable transport system from brain-to-blood in vivo. Si...
-
Article
Upregulation of p55 and p75 receptors mediating TNF-α transport across the injured blood-spinal cord barrier
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is involved in the inflammation and tissue regeneration occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study tests the specific role of p55 and p75 receptors in mediating the tran...
-
Article
Circulating TGF-β1 does not cross the intact blood-brain barrier
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) from the periphery can cross the disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert neuroprotective effects on the brain. Here, we quantify its permeation across the normal mouse...
-
Article
Increased hippocampal uptake of tumor necrosis factor α and behavioral changes in mice
Brain trauma may alter the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and affect psychomotor activity. We have shown that the transport system for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) at the BBB undergoes regulatory ...
-
Chapter
Peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier
No longer considered a static, impenetrable barrier, the dynamic regulatory functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have become increasingly apparent. This is particularly evident for the transport of pepti...
-
Article
Interactions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) with the blood-brain barrier
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reduces insulin requirement in diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. GLP-1 in the periphery (outside the CNS) has been shown to act on the brain to reduce food ingestion. As G...
-
Article
Saturable brain-to-blood transport of endomorphins
Opiate-modulating tetrapeptides such as tyrosine-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-release inhibiting factor-1 (Tyr-MIF-1; Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) and Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2) are saturably transported from b...
-
Article
A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the µ-opiate receptor
Peptides have been identified in mammalian brain that are considered to be endogenous agonists for the δ (enkephalins) and κ (dynorphins) opiate receptors, but none has been found to have any preference for th...
-
Protocol
Measurement of Efflux Rates from Brain to Blood
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the exchange of substances between the fluids of the central nervous system (CNS) and the blood (1). As such, the BBB is actively involved in providing nutrition and mainta...
-
Chapter
Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Circulating Free Fatty Acids
The uptake and incorporation by brain of blood-borne free fatty acids (FFA) is a topic with important physiological and diagnostic ramifications. The passage of FFA from blood into brain requires penetration t...
-
Chapter
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Possible Integration of Hormonal and Immunological Observations
The editors of this book organized a meeting about an unusual syndrome—chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). They also applied an unusual approach to the meeting by inviting us to give the “keynote conclusions”. Alt...
-
Chapter
Peptide Transport System-1
Saturable transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been described for several peptides (Table 1) and regulatory proteins from numerous laboratories1–5. The existence of transporters at the BBB for regul...
-
Article
Delivering Peptides to the Central Nervous System: Dilemmas and Strategies
Peptides have been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) as intact molecules so that they can influence the central nervous system. Peptides cross by saturable and nonsaturable mechanisms in the directi...
-
Chapter
Neuropeptide Modulation of Development and Behavior
Peptides are very simple molecules composed of amino acids linked by bonds resulting from the elimination of water between an amino group in one molecule and a carboxyl group in an adjacent molecule. Neuropept...
-
Chapter
Exchange of Peptides Between the Circulation and the Nervous System: Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) bidirectionally, that is, from the central nervous system (CNS) to the blood or from the blood to the CNS. Passage occurs by both saturable and nonsaturable mec...
-
Article
Effect of neurotransmitters on the system that transports Tyr-MIF-1 and the enkephalins across the blood-brain barrier: a dominant role for serotonin
Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides interact in several ways. We studied a new type of interaction: the effect of neurotransmitters on the saturable system that transports Tyr-MIF-1 and the enkephalins out of ...
-
Chapter
Relationship of Clinical to Basic Research with Peptides as lllustrated by MSH
Many of the principles that are now influencing the field of brain peptides were established more than a decade ago with melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). A series of studies with MSH demonstrated not only...
-
Article
The aluminum-induced increase in blood-brain barrier permeability to delta-sleep-inducing peptide occurs throughout the brain and is independent of phosphorus and acetylcholinesterase levels
The effect of aluminum on levels of inorganic phosphorus and acetylcholinesterase in blood and brain and on permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in different regions of the brain to the neuropeptide d...
-
Chapter
Endogenous Opiate Systems May Modulate Learning and Memory
It is becoming increasingly realized that the endogenous opiate peptides have numerous effects on a wide range of behaviors and physiological conditions. Some of these effects may reflect the multiple physiolo...
-
Chapter
Central Nervous System Effects after Systemic Injection of Opiate Peptides
The discovery of opiate receptors in the brain by Goldstein et al. (1971), Simon et al. (1973), Pert and Snyder (1973), and Terenius (1973) was soon followed by the discovery and sequencing of endogenous opiates ...
