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FSO Basics

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Handbook of Radio and Optical Networks Convergence

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Abstract

Free space optical (FSO) communication is a promising alternative in terms of meeting high data rates, providing a secure, and reliable communication. However, optical beam is prone to environmental conditions which affects FSO communication performance severely. This chapter deals with the basic concepts of FSO communication, including the transmission of data through free space using modulated optical beam. The components of FSO communication systems such as transmitters and receivers, different modulation schemes, the impact of atmospheric conditions on optical beam propagation, and the mitigation techniques for reducing the channel distortion effects are explored.

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Abbreviations

α:

A positive value associated with the effective number of large-scale cells in the scattering process

β:

Natural number indicating the level of fading

βn:

Reflection coefficient

η:

E-O conversion efficiency which is also known as quantum efficiency of the detector

ηC:

Channel efficiency

ηr:

Receiver efficiency

ηT:

Total efficiency of the FSO system

ηt:

Transmitter efficiency

ηv:

Parameter dependent on the visibility range

Γ:

FET channel noise factor

γR:

Receiver responsivity

κ:

Scalar wavenumber

Λ:

Fresnel ratio of Gaussian beam at receiver

Λo:

Ratio of link length to beam and wave number product.

ℬr:

Reflection coefficients of IRS elements

ℋ:

The total channel state

ℳ:

Numbers of transmitters apertures in MIMO system

\( {\mathcal{N}}_{\mathrm{\mathcal{I}}} \):

Numbers of IRS elements

\( \mathcal{N} \):

Numbers of receiver apertures in MIMO system

ωo:

Beam waist at distance z = 0

ωz:

Beam waist at distance z

ωeq:

Equivalent beam width

\( \overline{\upgamma} \):

Average SNR

\( \overline{\Theta} \):

Complementary parameter

Φ:

Solid angle of the optical beam

Φn(κ):

Power spectrum of the atmospheric turbulence which is known as “Kolmogorov power-law spectrum”

ϕn:

Phase shift induced by first link

ϕr:

Angle of arrival

ϕt:

Divergence angles

Φn_AO(κ):

Atmospheric turbulence power spectrum with adaptive optics correction

ρ:

Transverse radius from the central axis of the optical beam

ρo:

Coherence length

\( {\sigma}_B^2 \):

Rytov variance of Gaussian beam

σI:

Scintillation index

\( {\sigma}_R^2 \):

Rytov variance of unbounded plane wave

\( {\sigma}_{a_x}^2 \):

Variance of Gaussian distributed jitters in the horizontal directions

\( {\sigma}_{a_y}^2 \):

Variance of Gaussian distributed jitters in the vertical directions

\( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Bi}}^2 \):

Scintillation indexes of Gaussian beam in weak turbulence regime and i ∈ {d, u} denotes either downlink or uplink

\( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Id}}^2 \):

Scintillation indexes of propagating spherical waves in weak turbulence regime for downlink

\( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Iu}}^2 \):

Scintillation indexes of propagating spherical waves in weak turbulence regime for uplink

\( {\sigma}_{\ln\;X}^2 \):

Large-scale log-irradiance variances

\( {\sigma}_{\ln\;Y}^2 \):

Small-scale log-irradiance variances

\( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Rd}}^2 \):

Scintillation indexes of propagating plane waves in weak turbulence regime for downlink

\( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{Ru}}^2 \):

Scintillation indexes of propagating plane waves in weak turbulence regime for uplink

\( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{th}}^2 \):

Thermal noise variance

Θ:

Beam curvature parameter at receiver

θ:

Polar angle

Θo:

Beam curvature parameter at the transmitter

θn:

Shift induced by the nth reflecting surface

ε:

Indicates the detection technique, heterodyne and IM/DD detections

φn:

Phase shift induced in second link

ϖ:

Propagation parameter varying with the beam type

ξ:

Normalized distance parameter

ξm:

Optical modulation index

ζ:

Zenith angle

A:

Nominal value of turbulence structure constant at the ground level

a:

Receiver aperture diameter

A∘:

Collected power at the center of the optical beam

ap:

Path loss index

Acoll:

Collection area of the PD

Ar:

Active area of the PD

Bw:

System bandwidth

ca(λ):

Attenuation coefficient that describes the interaction between the atmospheric particles and light.

Cn:

Structure constant for refractive index

Cpd:

Fixed capacitance of PD per unit area

D:

Characteristic linear dimension

Dn:

Structure-function of refractive index fluctuations for statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence

Eb:

Bit energy

Es:

Symbol energy

Fo:

Phase front radius of curvature

Fl(κ, ϖa, θ):

Filter function and it is given by Zernike polynomials for circular aperture

FOV:

Filed of view

gm:

FET transconductance

gn:

Gain of the second link from IRS element to receiver having length of L2

Gr:

Receiver gain

Gt:

Transmitter gain

Gν:

Open-loop voltage gain

H:

Altitude of aerial platform

h:

Altitude parameter

ho:

Height of ground station

ha:

Channel gain due to atmospheric turbulence

hi:

Atmospheric turbulence aperture averaging scale height

hn:

The gain of the first link between source and IRS elements

hp:

Channel gain due to pointing error

hl:

Path loss due to atmospheric attenuation

ht:

Channel gain

i(t):

Instantaneous input current

I:

Optical intensity

I1:

Noise bandwidth factors

I2:

Noise bandwidth factors

Iavg:

Optical average intensity

Ibg:

Photo-current due to undesired collected photons from background irradiance

Ip−p:

Peak-to-peak intensity

Is:

Photo-current due to collected photons from data signal

Jn(.):

Bessel function of first kind

k :

Wavenumber

Kk:

Boltzman constant

L:

Propagation distance between transmitter and receiver

L1:

Length of the first IRS element

Lo:

Large eddies or outer scale

lo:

Small eddies or inner scale

Lc:

Path loss attenuation of the optical intensity when propagates from transmitter to receiver

lv:

Visibility range

\( {L}_{P_r} \):

Receiver pointing error loss

m(t):

Electrical modulating signal

M:

Refers to levels of pulse modulation, order of M-ary bandpass modulation and order of OFDM

m:

Azimuthal frequency

Mavg:

Reciprocal average duty cycle of DPIM

N:

Number of Zernike-modes removed

n:

The radial degree

No:

Single-sided noise spectral density

no:

Additive white Gaussian noise

na:

Average number of collected photons at PD

np:

Number of collected photons at PD

Po:

Total power of the optical beam

Pr:

Received power

Pt:

Power emitted by the laser at the transmitter

q:

Electron charge

R:

Separation distance between two observation points

r:

Misalignment deviation between the centers of incident beam footprint and the detector aperture

Rb:

Bit rate

Rn:

Reynolds number

rt:

Transverse position of the observation point

Req:

Equivalent circuit resistor

Tk:

Absolute temperature

u:

Flow velocity

v:

Kinematic viscosity

w:

Wind speed

x:

Transmitted optical signal

y:

Received signal

z:

Distance parameter

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Farah Al-Sallami

  2. Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

    Sujan Rajbhandari

  3. Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, OSTIM Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Yalçın Ata

Authors
  1. Farah Al-Sallami
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  3. Yalçın Ata
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Correspondence to Sujan Rajbhandari .

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  1. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

    Tetsuya Kawanishi

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  1. Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Paulo P. Monteiro

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Al-Sallami, F., Rajbhandari, S., Ata, Y. (2024). FSO Basics. In: Kawanishi, T. (eds) Handbook of Radio and Optical Networks Convergence. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_54-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4999-5_54-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-33-4999-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-33-4999-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

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