Abstract
Robert Duncan’s The Opening of the Field (1960) raises an issue about the pastoral tradition that might be formulated as a question: For what is its opening song an image? At the core of Duncan’s critique of the modernist poetic tradition is his analysis of the composite relation of images to songs, as well as an effort to appropriate neither as mere poetic techniques. Duncan disavowed the modernist poet’s penchant for long poems with plans and claimed that his “endless” poem “The Structure of Rime,”inaugurated in The Opening of the Field, should not be printed, in sequence, all together as a book because to do so would deracinate it from its linguistic ground in the volumes in which it first appeared.1 So much, one might object, for evading plans. Something else is going on.
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Notes
Theocritus, Idylls and Epigrams, trans. Daryl Hine (New York: Atheneum, 1982), 3.
Helen Adam and Robert Duncan, “Selected Correspondence: 1955–1956,” apex of the M 6 (Fall 1997): 153.
Robert Duncan, Selected Poems (San Francisco: City Lights, 1959).
Robert Duncan, “Two Chapters from H.D. [The H.D. Book: Part I, Chapters 3 and 4],” Tri Quarterly 12 (Spring 1968): 72.
See William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930; repr., New York: New Directions, 1947), 111–32
William Empson, Some Versions of Pastoral (1935; repr., London: Chatto and Windus, 1974).
Alfred North Whitehead, Modes of Thought (1938; repr., New York: Macmillan, 1968), 1–3.
Apuleius, The Transformations of Lucius, Otherwise Known as the Golden Ass, trans. Robert Graves (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951), 118.
Peter O’Leary, Gnostic Contagion: Robert Duncan and the Poetry of Illness (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2002), 20–21.
Thom Gunn, Moly (London: Faber and Faber, 1971), 13.
Thom Gunn, “My Life Up to Now,” in The Occasions of Poetry: Essays in Criticism and Autobiography (San Francisco: North Point, 1985), 192.
For how bukolikos might be translated without Virgilian pastoral getting in the way, see David M. Halperin, Before Pastoral: Theocritus and the Ancient Tradition of Bucolic Poetry (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983).
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© 2011 James Maynard
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Hamilton, J. (2011). Robert Duncan’s Craft Exchanges: Doing Ground Work in the Pastoral. In: Maynard, J. (eds) (Re:)Working the Ground. Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Poetics. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119932_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119932_6
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