Abstract
Flood avoidance mechanisms in rice involve a variety of adaptations that allow it to survive and even thrive under flooded conditions. Two important mechanisms related to shoot elongation and photosynthesis play a key role in flood avoidance in rice plants.
Rice plants have the ability to rapidly elongate their shoots when submerged in water. This response, known as internode elongation, allows the plant to keep its leaves and productive structures above the water surface, facilitating gas exchange and oxygen transport to the rhizosphere. Upon submergence, the plant senses the lack of oxygen and initiates stem node elongation, which results in the leaves rising above the water surface. This elongation is regulated by specific hormones such as ethylene, which is induced by low oxygen levels. Photosynthesis, an important process by which plants produce energy, can be affected by flooding. Submergence reduces the supply of oxygen to submerged tissues and decreases photosynthetic capacity. However, rice has evolved a unique adaptation called flood-tolerant photosynthesis. Although gas exchange is generally limited and photosynthetic activity is reduced under flooded conditions, the system retains a minimum level of photosynthetic activity over a period of time. This adaptation involves several physiological changes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Armstrong W (1979) Aeration in higher plants. Adv Bot Res 7:225–331
Bailey-Serres J, Voesenek LACJ (2008) Flooding stress: acclimations and genetic diversity. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:313–339
Hattori Y, Nagai K, Furukawa S, Song XJ, Kawano R, Sakakibara H, Wu J, Matsumoto T, Yoshimura A, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Mori H, Ashikari M (2009) The ethylene response factors SNORKEL1 and SNORKEL2 allow rice to adapt deep water. Nature 460:1026–1030
Ishizawa K, Esashi Y (1988) Action mechanism of ethylene in the control of sugar translocation in relation to rice coleoptile growth. I Sucrose metabolism. Plant Cell Environ 29:131–141
Ito O, Ella E, Kawano N (1999) Physiological basis of submergence tolerance in rainfed lowland rice ecosystem. Field Crops Res 64:75–90
Izzawati NAH, Yabuta S, Junaedi A, Sakagami J-I (2022) Different survival strategies involve carbon translocation rather than de novo C assimilation under complete submergece in rice plant. Photosynthesis Reseach 154:183–193
Joho Y, Omsasa K, Kawano N, Sakagami J-I (2008) Growth responses of seedlings in Oryza glaberrima Steud. to short-term submergence in Guinea, West Africa. Jpn Agric Res Quar 42:157–162
Jun-Ichi S, Joho Y, Ito O (2009) Contrasting physiological responsees by cultivars of Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima to prolonged submergece. Ann Bot 103:171–180
Kawano N, Ella E, Ito O, Yamauchi Y, Tanaka K (2002) Metabolic changes in rice seedlings with different submergence tolerance after desubmergence. Environ Exp Bot 47:157–203
Kawano N, Ito O, Sakagami J-I (2008) Flash flooding resistance of rice genotypes of Oryza sativa L., O. glaberrima Steud. and Interspecific hybridization progeny. Environ Exp Bot 63:9–18
Kawano N, Ito O, Sakagami J-I (2009) Morphological and physiological responses of rice seedlings to complete submergence (flash flooding). Ann Bot 103:161–169
Kende H, Van der Knaap E, Cho H-T (1998a) Deepwater rice: A model plant to study stem elongation coleoptile growth in internodes of deepwater rice. Planta 90:333–339
Kende H, van der Knaap E, Cho HT (1998b) Deepwater rice: A model plant to study stem elongation. Plant Physiol 118:1105–1110
Ku HS, Suge H, Rapport L, Pratt HK (1970) Stimulation of rice coleoptile growth by ethylene. Planta 90:333–339
Luo Q, Nakazawa M, Sasayama D, Fukayama H, Hatanaka T, Azuma T (2020) Responses to complete submergence in African Rice (Oryza glaberrima). J Crop Res 65:37–41
Nagai K, Mori Y, Ishikawa S et al (2020) Antagonistic regulation of the gibberellic acid response during stem growth in rice. Nature 584:109–114
Raskin I, Kende H (1984) Effect of submergence on translocation, starch content and amylolytic activity in deep-water rice. Planta 162:556–559
Saika H, Okamoto M, Miyoshi K, Kushiro T, Shinoda S, Jikumaru Y, Nakazono M (2007) Ethylene promotes submergence-induced expression of OsABA8ox1, a gene that encodes ABA 8′-hydroxylase in rice. Plant Cell Physiol 48:287–298
Sakagami J-I, Mochizuki T, Watanabe H (2010) Wet land and crop production. In: Sakagami J-I, Nakazono M, Shimamura S, Ito O, Ishizawa K (eds) Surviving strategy and submergence resistance in rice plants. Yokendo, Tokyo
Sakagami J-I, Joho Y, Sone C (2013) Complete submergence escape with shoot elongation ability by underwater photosynthesis in African rice, Oryza glaberrima Steud. Field Crop Res 152:17–26
Setter TL, Ellis M, Laureles EV, Ella ES, Senadhira D, Mishra SB, Sarkarung S, Datta S (1997) Physiology and genetics of submergence tolerance in rice. Ann Bot 79:67–77
Suge H (1974) Synergistic action of ethylene with gibberellins in the growth of rice seedlings. Proc Crop Sci Soc Jpn 43:83–87
Suge H (1987) Physiological genetics of internodal elongation under submergence in floating rice. Jpn J Genet 62:69–80
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sakagami, JI. (2024). Flood Avoidance Mechanism Via Shoot Elongation and Photosynthesis in Rice Plants. In: Sakagami, JI., Nakazono, M. (eds) Responses of Plants to Soil Flooding. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9112-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9112-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-9111-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-9112-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)