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Exosomes as a Future Diagnostic Tool for Brain Disorders

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Exosomes Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Brain Disorders

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Abstract

The brain is a highly complex interconnected neuronal network with a specialized blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a diffusion barrier crucial for protecting normal brain function by blocking dangerous compounds from crossing the bloodstream to the brain; only small molecules can cross the BBB. However, brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, seizures, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and brain cancers, are some of the most dominant, traumatic, and nevertheless poorly treated diseases. The development of drug delivery systems for brain disorders has had the poorest achievement rates as compared to other therapeutic areas. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles consisting of proteins, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs. They are the most prominent mediators of intercellular communication, regulating, instructing, and re-educating their surrounding environment as well as targeting different organs through their surface modifications. Exosomes are secreted by blood cells and endothelial cells directly into the blood circulation in response to CNS pathological conditions. Secreted exosomes express their markers and offer to track their cellular origin, in addition to making them useful for diagnostic purposes and disease treatments. In this book chapter, we have focused on the biogenesis of exosomes along with their functions and contribution to the treatment of brain disorders. We end this chapter with an account of diagnostic tools and their future prospects with respect to diseases associated with the central nervous system.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hyderabad (Department of Pharmaceutical, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, India), for providing facilities during the manuscript writing. Additionally, the authors acknowledge the subscription to biorender.com for the fabrication of some figures.

Data availability: Not applicable.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

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  1. Rohit Bhawale and Ravindra Vasave contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Rohit Bhawale, Ravindra Vasave & Neelesh Kumar Mehra

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  1. Rohit Bhawale
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  2. Ravindra Vasave
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  3. Neelesh Kumar Mehra
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Correspondence to Neelesh Kumar Mehra .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Neeraj Mishra

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

    Sumel Ashique

  3. Department of Pharmaceutics, Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Ashish Garg

  4. University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Vadivalagan Chithravel

  5. Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Free State (Bloemfontein Campus), Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa

    Krishnan Anand

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Bhawale, R., Vasave, R., Mehra, N.K. (2024). Exosomes as a Future Diagnostic Tool for Brain Disorders. In: Mishra, N., Ashique, S., Garg, A., Chithravel, V., Anand, K. (eds) Exosomes Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Brain Disorders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8373-5_14

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