Abstract
In 1987, Taylor and Palmer introduced the concept of vascular territories (angiosomes) [1], and then koshima and SOEDA reported the perforator flap technology [2]. Various forms of free flaps have been applied to many parts of the human body and different fields of surgery and have become important technical means in plastic reconstruction surgery [3].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Taylor GI, Palmer JH. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg. 1987;40(2):113–41.
Koshima I, Soeda S. Deep inferior epigastric artery skin flaps without rectus abdominis muscle. Br J Plast Surg. 1989;42(6):645–8.
Saint-Cyr M, Schaverien MV, Rohrich RJ. Perforator flaps: history, controversies, physiology, anatomy, and use in reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(4):132e–45e.
Patel NG, Ramakrishnan V. Microsurgical tissue transfer in breast reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 2017;44(2):345–59.
Healy C, Allen RJ. The evolution of perforator flap breast reconstruction: twenty years after the first DIEP flap. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2014;30(2):121–5.
Zhang S, Song D. The discovery, development history and clinical implications of perforator flaps. Chin J Reparat Reconstr Surg. 2017;07:769–72.
Ahmadzadeh R, Bergeron L, Tang M, Geddes CR, Morris SF. The posterior thigh perforator flap or profunda femoris artery perforator flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(1):194–200; discussion 201–2.
Saad A, Sadeghi A, Allen RJ. The anatomic basis of the profunda femoris artery perforator flap: a new option for autologous breast reconstruction—a cadaveric and computer tomography angiogram study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2012;28(6):381–6.
Dajiang Song, Zan Li, **ao Zhou. Application of profunda femoral artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction. Chin J Plast Surg2017. (6): 412–416.
Fosseprez P, Gerdom A, Servaes M, Deconinck C, Pirson G, Berners A. [Profunda artery perforator flap: reliable secondary option for breast reconstruction?]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2017;62(6):637–45.
Angrigiani C, Grilli D, Thorne CH. The adductor flap: a new method for transferring posterior and medial thigh skin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(7):1725–31.
Fujii M, Terashi H, Hashikawa K, Tahara S. Functional reconstruction of large anogenital defects with bilateral V-Y advancement posterior thigh fasciocutaneous flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007;60(11):1208–13.
Unal C, Ozdemir J, Yirmibesoglu O, Yucel E, Agir H. Use of inferior gluteal artery and posterior thigh perforators in management of ischial pressure sores with limited donor sites for flap coverage. Ann Plast Surg. 2012;69(1):67–72.
Dajiang Song, Zan Li, **ao Zhou. Free profunda femoral artery pedicled gracilis chimeric musculocutaneous perforator flap for repair of defects after oral and buccal cancer surgery Chin J Plast Surg2017. 33(4): 242–247.
Dajiang Song, Zan Li, **ao Zhou. Clinical application of free medial femoral chimeric perforator myocutaneous flap in the repair of defects after tongue cancer surgery. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg2017. 52(4): 278–282.
Allen RJ, Haddock NT, Ahn CY, Sadeghi A. Breast reconstruction with the profunda artery perforator flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(1):16e–23e.
Allen RJ, Lee ZH, Mayo JL, Levine J, Ahn C, Allen RJ. The profunda artery perforator flap experience for breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(5):968–75.
Satake T, Muto M, Ko S, Yasumura K, Ishikawa T, Maegawa J. Breast reconstruction using free posterior medial thigh perforator flaps: intraoperative anatomical study and clinical results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(5):880–91.
Haddock NT, Gassman A, Cho MJ, Teotia SS. 101 consecutive profunda artery perforator flaps in breast reconstruction: lessons learned with our early experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(2):229–39.
Blechman KM, Broer PN, Tanna N, Ireton JE, Ahn CY, Allen RJ. Stacked profunda artery perforator flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction: a case report. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2013;29(9):631–4.
Zhou X, Song D, Li Z. The development of perforator flap and its application in oncoplastic surgery. Chin J Aesthet Plast Surg. 2017;28(2):69–72.
Dajiang Song, Zan Li, **ao Zhou. Observation of curative effect of different forms of free profunda femoral artery pedicle chimeric perforator myocutaneous flap in the repair of defects after tongue cancer surgery. Chin J Reparat Reconstr Surg2017. 31(06): 696–701.
Hupkens P, Ozturk E, Wittens S, Hoevenaren IA, Kooloos JG, Ulrich DJ. Posterior thigh perforator flaps: an anatomical study to localize and classify posterior thigh perforators. Microsurgery. 2013;33(5):376–82.
Haddock NT, Greaney P, Otterburn D, Levine S, Allen RJ. Predicting perforator location on preoperative imaging for the profunda artery perforator flap. Microsurgery. 2012;32(7):507–11.
DeLong MR, Hughes DB, Bond JE, Thomas SM, Boll DT, Zenn MR. A detailed evaluation of the anatomical variations of the profunda artery perforator flap using computed tomographic angiograms. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(2):186e–92e.
Scaglioni MF, Kuo YR, Yang JC, Chen YC. The posteromedial thigh flap for head and neck reconstruction: anatomical basis, surgical technique, and clinical applications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(2):363–75.
Haddock N, Nagarkar P, Teotia SS. Versatility of the profunda artery perforator flap: creative uses in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):606e–12e.
Ratanshi I, McInnes CW, Islur A. The proximal superficial femoral artery perforator flap: anatomic study and clinical cases. Microsurgery. 2017;37(6):581–8.
Blondeel PN, Van Landuyt KH, Monstrey SJ, et al. The “Gent” consensus on perforator flap terminology: preliminary definitions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(5):1378–83; quiz 1383, 1516; discussion 1384–7.
Sinna R, Boloorchi A, Mahajan AL, Qassemyar Q, Robbe M. What should define a “perforator flap”. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(6):2258–63.
Shieh SJ, Chiu HY, Yu JC, Pan SC, Tsai ST, Shen CL. Free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of head and neck defects following cancer ablation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(7):2349–57; discussion 2358–60.
Hurwitz ZM, Montilla R, Dunn RM, Patel NV, Akyurek M. Adductor magnus perforator flap revisited: an anatomical review and clinical applications. Ann Plast Surg. 2011;66(5):438–43.
Agrawal MD, Thimmappa ND, Vasile JV, et al. Autologous breast reconstruction: preoperative magnetic resonance angiography for perforator flap vessel map**. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2015;31(1):1–11.
Buescher TM, Andry D, Brown T, Vargo J, Nazir N, Andrews BT. Inset of unilateral dual microvascular breast reconstruction using nonabdominal free tissue transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(1):42–8.
Ito R, Huang JJ, Wu JC, Lin MC, Cheng MH. The versatility of profunda femoral artery perforator flap for oncological reconstruction after cancer resection—clinical cases and review of literature. J Surg Oncol. 2016;114(2):193–201.
Scaglioni MF, Chen YC, Lindenblatt N, Giovanoli P. The vertical posteromedial thigh (vPMT) flap for autologous breast reconstruction: a novel flap design. Microsurgery. 2017;37(5):371–6.
Stalder MW, Lam J, Allen RJ, Sadeghi A. Using the retrograde internal mammary system for stacked perforator flap breast reconstruction: 71 breast reconstructions in 53 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(2):265e–77e.
Buescher T, Przylecki WH, Holding J, et al. Evaluation of complications associated with flap/pedicle inset techniques for unilateral breast reconstruction utilizing dual transverse upper gracilis (TUG) or profunda artery perforator (PAP) flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(4 Suppl):90–1.
Hupkens P, Hameeteman M, Westland PB, Slater NJ, Vasilic D, Ulrich DJ. Breast reconstruction using the geometrically modified profunda artery perforator flap from the posteromedial thigh region: combining the benefits of its predecessors. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;77(4):438–44.
Song D, Li Z, Zhou X. Observation of curative effect of free sensory ultra-thin anterolateral thigh perforator flap in repairing wounds at donor site. Chin J Reparat Reconstr Surg. 2017;31(08):987–91.
**e S, Deng X, Chen Y, et al. Reconstruction of foot and ankle defects with a superthin innervated anterolateral thigh perforator flap. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2016;50:1–8.
Kimura N. A microdissected thin tensor fasciae latae perforator flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(1):69–77; discussion 78–80.
Koshima I, Fukuda H, Yamamoto H, Moriguchi T, Soeda S, Ohta S. Free anterolateral thigh flaps for reconstruction of head and neck defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92(3):421–8; discussion 429–30.
Scaglioni MF, Eder M, Giovanoli P. The use of inverted-L posteromedial thigh (L-PMT) flap for autologous breast reconstruction: a case report. Microsurgery. 2018;38(5):558–62.
Date S, Ciudad P, Maruccia M, Chen HC. Breast reconstruction using the geometrically modified profunda artery perforator flap from the posteromedial thigh region: combining the benefits of its predecessors. Ann Plast Surg. 2017;79(1):124.
Wong C, Nagarkar P, Teotia S, Haddock NT. The profunda artery perforator flap: investigating the perforasome using three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5):915–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Song, D., Mitsunaga, N. (2023). Evolution, Anatomy, Advantages and Disadvantages, and Harvest Techniques of Profunda Artery Perforator Flap. In: Li, Z., Song, D. (eds) Oncoplastic Flap Surgery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8926-1_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8926-1_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-8925-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-8926-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)