Abstract
Agriculture is an important sector that provides immense opportunities for development and livelihood for over half of the world’s population. Globally, India is the second leading country in the production of agricultural commodities. The agricultural sector is confronted with huge issues such as rapid climatic change, a decline in soil fertility, nutrient deficiency, excessive use of chemicals and pesticides, and the presence of toxic metals in soil. However, the world population growth has subsequently increased the food demand. Nanomaterials have gotten a lot of attention in recent decades due to their multiple applications in industries like health, chemistry, energy, and textiles. Nanomaterials have recently been explored as an alternative approach to control plant pests, provide nutrients to soil, and help in the protection of the environment. Several nanosensors have been used for the detection and monitoring of plant illnesses, pesticide residues, pH, and soil fertility. Therefore, in this chapter, we highlight the role of nanomaterials in disease management, crop protection, and the development of sustainable agricultural practices.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd El-Azeim MM, Sherif MA, Hussien MS, Tantawy IAA, Bashandy SO (2020) Impacts of nano- and non-nanofertilizers on potato quality and productivity. Acta Ecol Sin 40:388–397
Abd-Elrahman SH, Mostafa MAM (2015) Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture: an overview. Egypt J Soil Sci 55(2):197–214
Abd-Elsalam KA, Alghuthaymi MA (2015) Nanobiofungicides: is it the next-generation of fungicides? J Nanotechnol Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1372.15.0
Achari GA, Kowshik M (2018) Recent developments on nanotechnology in agriculture: plant mineral, nutrition, health and interactions with soil microflora. J Agric Food Chem 66:8647–8661
Adamu A, Ahmad K, Siddiqui Y, Ismail IS, Asib N, Kutawa AB, Adzmi F, Ismail MR, Berahim Z (2021) Ginger essential oils-loaded nanoemulsions: potential strategy to manage bacterial leaf blight disease and enhanced rice yield. Molecules 26(13):3902
Ahmad K, Pan W (2015) Microstructure-toughening relation in alumina based multiwall carbon nanotube ceramic composites. J Eur Ceram Soc 35:663–671
Ahmad F, Siddiqui MA, Babalola OO, Wu H-F (2012) Biofunctionalization of nanoparticles assisted mass spectrometry as biosensors for rapid detection of plant associated bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 35(1):235–242
Ahmad H, Venugopal K, Rajagopal K, De Britto S, Nandini B, Pushpalatha HG, Konappa N, Udayashankar AC, Geetha N, Jogaiah S (2020) Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globules and their fungicidal ability against pathogenic fungi of apple orchards. Biomolecules 10(3):425
Alam A, Rizvi AH, Verma K, Gautam C (2014) The changing scenario in India Agriculture: a review. Int J Sci Res Agric Sci 1(7):118–127
Al-Juthery HWA et al (2021) Intelligent, nano-fertilizers: a new technology for improvement nutrient use efficiency (article review). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 735:012086
Alshehddi LAA, Bokhari N (2020) Influence of gold and silver nanoparticles on the germination and growth of Mimusops laurifolia seeds in the south-western regions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(1):574–580
Anand R, Bhagat M (2019) Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs): as nanopesticides and nanofertilizers. MOJ Biol Med 4(1):19–20. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2019.04.00107
Anastasios M, Nektarios K, Constantinos C (2019) Nano-fungicides against plant pathogens: copper, silver and zinc NPs. Geophys Res Abstr 21:1
Arciniegas-Grijalba PA, Patiño-Portela MC, Mosquera-Sánchez LP, Guerra Sierra BE, Muñoz-Florez JE, Erazo-Castillo LA, RodrĂguez-Páez JE (2019) ZnO-based nanofungicides: synthesis, characterization and their effect on the coffee fungi Mycena citricolor and Colletotrichum sp. Mater Sci Eng C 98:808–825
Arjun KM (2013) Indian agriculture—status, importance, and role in Indian economy. Int J Agric Food Sci Technol 4(4):343–346
Banotra M, Kumar A, Sharma BC, Nandan B, Verma A, Kumar R, Gupta V, Bhagat S (2017) Prospectus of use of nanotechnology in agriculture—a review. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6(12):1541–1551
Bao J, Hou C, Chen M, Li J, Huo D, Yang M, Luo X, Lei Y (2015) Plant esterase—chitosan/gold nanoparticles—graphene nanosheet composite-based biosensor for the detection of organophosphate pesticides. J Agric Food Chem 63(47):10319–10326
Bratovcic A, Hikal WM, Said-Al Ahl HAH, Tkachenoko KG et al (2021) Nanopesticides and nanofertilizers and agricultural development: scopes, advances and applications. Open J Ecol. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2021.114022
Chang PFL, Chang TH, Liu YW, Chen CC, Li WY, Chung WH, Lin JJ, Huang JW (2020) Effect of nanomaterials on seedling growth and disease control. Acta Hortic 1269:269–272. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1269.36
Chidambaram R, Abigail EA (2017) In: Seehra MS (ed) Nanotechnology in herbicide resistance, nanostructured materials-fabrication to applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.355
Chinnamuthu CR, Kokiladevi E (2007) Weed management through nanoherbicide. In: Chinnamuthu CR, Chandrasekaran B, Ramasamy C (eds) Application of nanotechnology in agriculture. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Deshpande T (2017) State of agriculture in India. PRS Legislative Research. https://prsindia.org/policy/analytical-reports/state-agriculture-india. Accessed 15 Dec 2021
Dhillon NK, Mukhopadhyay SS (2015) Nanotechnology and allelopathy: synergism in action. J Crop Weed 11(2):187–191
Dileep Kumar G, Natarajan N, Nakkeeran S (2016) Antifungal activity of nanofungicide trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% against Macrophomina phaseolina. Afr J Microbiol Res 10(4):100–105
Elizabath A, Babychan M, Mathew AM, Syriac GM (2019) Application of nanotechnology in agriculture. Int J Pure Appl Biosci 7(2):131–139
EPA (2007) Nanotechnology white paper. US Environmental Protection Agency Report. EPA100/B-07/001, Washington DC 20460, USA
Feizi H, Moghaddam PR, Shahtahmassebi N, Fotovat A (2012) Impact of bulk and nanosized titanium dioxide on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Biol Trace Elem Res 146:101–106
Feng J, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Zhu Z (2018) Applications of nanoemulsions in formulation of pesticides. In: Mahdi Jafari S, McClements DJ (eds) Nanoemulsions: formulation, applications, and characterization. Academic, Waltham, pp 379–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811838-2.00012-6
Ghazy NA, Abd El-Hafez OA et al (2021) Impact of silver nanoparticles and two biological treatments to control soft rot disease in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L). Egypt J Biol Pest Control 31:3
Giraldo JP, Wu H, Newkirk GM, Kruss S (2019) Nanobiotechnology approaches for engineering smart plant sensors. Nat Nanotechnol 14:541–553
Hasan Dad Ansari M, Lavhale S, Kalunke RM, Srivastava PL, Pandit V, Gade S, Yadav S, Laux P, Luch A, Gemmati D, Zamboni P, Singh AV (2020) Recent advances in plant nanobionics and nanobiosensors for toxicological applications. Curr Nanosci 16(1):27–41
He L, Liu Y, Mustapha A, Lin M (2011) Antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. Microbiol Res 166:207–215
He Y, Xu B, Li W, Yu H (2015) Silver nanoparticles based chemiluminescent sensor array for pesticide discrimination. J Agric Food Chem 63(11):2930–2934
He Y, **ao S, Dong T, Nie P (2019) Gold nanoparticles for qualitative detection of deltamethrin and carbofuran residues in soil by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Int J Mol Sci 20(7):1731
Heinisch M, Jácome J, Miricescu D (2019) Current experience with application of metal-based nanofertilizers. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, vol 290, p 03006
Hongyun C, Wenjun Z, Quinsheng G, Qing C, Shiming L, Shuifang Z (2008) Real time Taqman RT-PCR assay for the detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. J Virol Methods 149(2):326–329
https://croplife.org/news/kee**-indias-pests-in-line/. Accessed 10 Sept 2021
https://www.tractorjunction.com/blog/top-10-agriculture-states-in-india/. Accessed 7 July 2021
Hussain T (2017) Nanotechnology: diagnosis of plant diseases. Agric Res Technol: Open Access J 10(1):555777
Iavicoli I, Leso V, Beezhold DH, Shvedova AA (2017) Nanotechnology in agriculture: opportunities, toxicological implications and occupational risks. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 329:96–111
Ivani R, Nejad SHS, Ghahraman B, Astaraei AR, Feizi H (2018) Role of bulk and nanosized SiO2 to overcome salt stress during fenugreek germination (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.). Plant Signal Behav 13(7):e1044190
Jhansi K, Jayarambabu N, Paul Reddy K, Manohar Reddy N, Suvarna RP, Rao KV, Kumar VR, Rajendar V (2017) Biosynthesis of MgO nanoparticles using mushroom extract: effect on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed germination. 3 Biotech 7(4):263
Jo Y-K, Kim BH, Jung G (2009) Antifungal activity of silver ions and nanoparticles on phyopathogenic fungi. Plant Dis 93(10):1037–1043
Kah M, Kookana RS, Gogos A, Bucheli TD (2018) A critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against their conventional analogues. Nat Nanotechnol 13:677–684
Kahyap PL, Rai P, Sharma S, Chakdar H, Kumar S, Pandiyan K, Srivastava AK (2016) Nanotechnology for the detection and diagnosis of plant pathogens. Nanosci Food Agric 2:253–276
Kale SK, Parishwad GV, Husainy ASN, Patil AS (2021) Emerging agriculture applications of silver nanoparticles. ES Food Agroforest 3:17–22
Kannan M, Elango K, Tamilnayagan T, Preetha S, Kasivelu G (2020) Impact of nanomaterials on beneficial insects in agricultural ecosystem. In: Nanotechnology for food, agriculture, and environment. pp 373–393
Khaledian S, Nikkhah M, Shams-bakhshn M et al (2017) A sensitive biosensor based on gold nanoparticles to detect Ralstonia solanacearum in soil. J Gen Plant Pathol 83:231–239
Khater M, de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Merkoçi A (2017) Biosensors for plant pathogen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 93:72–86
Kim MJ, Kim W, Chung H (2020) Effects of silver graphene oxide on seed germination and early growth of crop species. PeerJ 8:e8387
Kumar M (2019) Agriculture: status, challenges, policies, and strategies for India. Int J Eng Res Technol 8(12):1–5
Kumar V, Arora K (2020) Trends in nano-inspired biosensors for plants. Mater Sci Energy Technol 3:255–273
Kumari S, Kumaraswamy RV, Choudhary RC et al (2018) Thymol nanoemulsion exhibits potential antibacterial activity against bacterial pustule disease and growth promotory effect on soybean. Sci Rep 8:6650. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24871-5
Lau HY, Wu H, Wee EJH, Trau M, Wang Y, Botella JR (2017) Specific and sensitive isothermal electrochemical biosensor for plant pathogen DNA detection with colloidal gold nanoparticles as probes. Sci Rep 7:38896
Lemire JA, Harrison JJ, Turnr RJ (2013) Antimicrobial activity of metals: mechanisms, molecular targets and applications. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:371–384
Levar O (2007) Effect of silver nanoparticles on tomato plants and development of a plant monitoring system (PMS). A thesis. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/109
Li Z, Yu T, Paul R, Fan J, Yang Y, Wei Q (2020) Agricultural nanodiagnostics for plant disease: recent advances and challenges. Nanoscale Adv 2:3083–3094
Liu R, Lal R (2014) Synthetic apatite nanoparticles as a phosphorus fertilizer for soybean (Glycine max). Sci Rep 4:5686. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05686
Liu R, Lal R (2015) Potential of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic productions. Sci Total Environ 514:131–139
Lizzi D, Mattiello A, Piani B, Fellet G, Adamiano A, Marchiol L (2020) Germination and early development of three spontaneous plant species exposed to nanoceria (nCeO2) with different concentrations and particle sizes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 10(12):2534
Lobert S, Heil PD, Namba K, Stubbs G (1987) Preliminary X-ray fiber diffraction studies of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, watermelon strain. J Mol Biol 196(4):935–938
Lodriche SS, Soltani S, Mirzazadeh R (2012) U.S. Patent application no. 13/406, 538
Lu CM, Zhang CY, Wen JQ, Wu GR, Tao MX (2002) Research of the effect of nanometer materials on germination and growth enhancement of Glycine Max and its mechanism. Soybean Sci 3:168–172
Mahmood I, Imadi SR, Shazadi K, Gul A, Hakeem KR (2016) Effects of pesticides on environment, plant, soil and microbes. Springer, Cham, pp 253–269
Makarovsky D, Fadeev L, Salam BB, Zelinger E, Matan O, Inbar J, Jurkevitch E, Gozin M, Burdman S (2018) Silver nanoparticles complexed with bovine submaxillary mucin possess strong antibacterial activity and protect against seedling infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 84(4):e02212–e02217
Mali SC, Raj S, Trivedi R (2020) Nanotechnology a novel approach to enhance crop productivity. Biochem Biophys Rep 24:100821
Mane PC, Shinde MD, Varma S, Chaudhari BP, Fatehmulla A, Shahabuddin M, Amalnerkar DP, Aldhafiri AM, Chaudhari RD (2020) Highly sensitive label-free bio-interfacial colorimetric sensor based on silk fibroin-gold nanocomposite for facile detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide. Sci Rep 10:4198
Mastronardi E, Tsae P, Zhang X, Monreal C, Derosa M (2015) Strategic role of nanotechnology in fertilizers: potential and limitations. Springer, Berlin, pp 25–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14024-7_2
Mir S, Sirousmehr A, Shirmohammadi E (2015) Effect of nano and biological fertilizers on carbohydrate and chlorophyll content of Forage sorghum (Speed feed hybrid). Int J Biosci 6(4):157–164
Mishra S, Singh BR, Singh A et al (2014) Biofabricated silver nanoparticles act as a strong fungicide against Bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch disease in wheat. PLoS One 9(5):e97881
Mishra S, Singh B, Naqvi A et al (2017) Potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Stenotrophomonas sp. BHU-S7 (MTCC 5978) for management of soil-borne and foliar phytopathogens. Sci Rep 7:45154
Mou D, Chen H, Du D, Mao C, Wan J, Xu H, Yang X (2008) Hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsion system for topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm 353(1–2):270–276
Mukhopadhyay SS (2014) Nanotechnology in agriculture: prospects and constraints. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 7:63–71
Nair AS, Durga C (2021) Introduction of nanoparticles in agriculture. Biotica Res Today 3(5):321–323
Nejatzadeh F (2021) Effect of silver nanoparticles on salt tolerance of Satureja hortensis I. during invitro and in vivo germination tests. Heliyon 7(2):e05981
Ombodi A, Saigusa M (2000) Broadcast application vs band application of polyolefin-coated fertilizer on green peppers grown on andisol. J Plant Nutr 23:1485–1493
Pandey G (2018) Challenges and future prospects of agri-nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture in India. Environ Technol Innov 11:299–307
Pandey K, Anas M, Hicks VK, Green MJ, Khodakovskaya MV (2019) Improvement of commercially valuable traits of industrial crops by application of carbon-based Nanomaterials. Sci Rep. 9:19358
Paramasivan C, Pasupathi R (2016) Performance of agro-based industries in India. Natl J Adv Res 2(6):25–28
Pérez de Luque A, Rubiales D (2009) Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. Pest Manag Sci 65:540–545
Perumal AB, Li X, Su Z, He Y (2021) Preparation and characterization of a novel green tea essential oil nanoemulsion and its antifungal mechanism of action against Magnaporthe oryzae. Ultrason Sonochem 76:105649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105649
Prajapati HR, Datta I (2014) Future of Indian agriculture: prospects and challenges. In: Agriculture situation in India
Qureshi A, Singh DK, Dwivedi S (2018) Nano-fertilizers: a novel way for enhancing nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7(2):3325–3335
Rafie J, Kumar R (2020) A review on scenario of agriculture in India and punjab1900-2019. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 9(6):4149–4170
Rai M, Ingle AP, Pandit R, Paralikar P, Shende S, Gupta I, Biswas JK, Silvério da Silva S (2018) Copper and copper nanoparticles: role in management of insect-pests and pathogenic microbes. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2018-0031
Rastogi A, Tripathi DK, Yadav S, Chauhan DK, Živčák M, Ghorbanpour M, El-Sheery NI, Brestic M (2019) Application of silicon nanoparticles in agriculture. 3 Biotech 9(3):90
Razmi A, Golestanipour A, Nikkhah M, Bagheri A, Shamsbakhsh M, Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi S (2019) Localized surface Plasmon resonance biosensing of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. J Virol Methods 267:1–7
Ren Q, Yuan X, Huang X, Wen W, Zhao Y, Chen W (2013) In vivo monitoring of oxidative burst on aloe under salinity stress using haemoglobin and single walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode. Biosens Bioelectron 50:318–324
Sap-lam N, Homklinchan C, Larpudomlert R et al (2010) UV irradiation-induced silver nanoparticles as mosquito larvicides. J Appl Sci 10(23):3132–3136
Shang H, **e Y, Zhou X, Qian Y, Wu J (2011) Monoclonal antibody-based serological methods for detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Virol J 8:228
Shebl A, Hassan AA, Salama DM, Abd El-Aziz ME, Abd Elwahed MSA (2019) Green synthesis of nanofertilizers and their application as a foliar for Cucurbita pepo L. J Nanomater 2019:3476347. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3476347
Siddhartha, Verma A, Bashyal BM, Gogoi R, Kumar R (2020) New nano-fungicide for the management of sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) in rice. Int J Pest Manag. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2020.1818870
Siddiqui MH, Al-Whaibi MH (2014) Role of nano-SiO2 in germination of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum seeds Mill.). Saudi J Biol Sci 21(1):13–17
Singh MD, Chirag G, Prakash PO, Mohan MH, Prakasha G, Vishwajith (2017) Nanofertilizer is a new way to increase nutrient efficiency in crop production. Int J Agric Sci 9(7):3831–3833
Singh R, Kumar N, Mehra R, Kumar H, Singh VP (2020a) Progress and challenges in the detection of residual pesticides using nanotechnology based colorimetric techniques. Trends Environ Anal Chem 26:e00086
Singh R, Thakur P, Thakur A, Kumar H, Chawla P, Rohit JV, Kaushik R, Kumar N (2020b) Colorimetric sensing approaches of surface-modified gold and silver nanoparticles for detection of residual pesticides: a review. Int J Environ Anal Chem 101(15):3006–3022
Swarnkar RK, Pandey JK, Soumya KK, Dwivedi P, Sundaram S, Prasad S, Gopal R (2016) Enhanced antibacterial activity of copper/copper oxide nanowires prepared by pulsed laser ablation in water medium. Appl Phys A 122:704
Szȍllȍsi R, Molnár A, Kondak S, Kolbert Z (2020) Dual effect of nanomaterials on germination and seedling growth: stimulation vs. phytotoxicity. Plants (Basel) 9(12):1745
Tang G, Tian Y, Niu J, Tang J, Yang J, Gao Y, Chen X, Li X, Wang H, Cao Y (2021) Development of carrier-free self-assembled nanoparticles based on fenhexamid and polyhexamethylene biguanide for sustainable plant disease management. Green Chem 23:2531–2540
Tarafdar JC, Raliya R, Rathore I (2012) Microbial synthesis of phosphorus nanoparticles from Tri-calcium phosphate using Aspergillus tubingensis TFR-5. J Bionanosci 6:84–89
Thipe VC, Keyster M, Katti KV (2018) Sustainable nanotechnology: mycotoxin detection and protection. In: Nanobiotechnology applications in plant protection. pp 323–349
Vance ME, Kuiken T, Vejerano EP, McGinnis SP, Hochella MF Jr, Rejeski D, Hull MS (2015) Nanotechnology in the real world: redevelo** the nanomaterial consumer products inventory. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 6:1769–1780
Vivekanandhan N, Duraisamy A (2012) Ecological impact of pesticides principally organochlorine insecticide endosulfan: a review. Univers J Environ Res Technol 2(5):369–376
Wagner G, Korenkov V, Judy JD, Bertsch PM (2016) Nanoparticles composed of Zn and ZnO inhibit Peronospora tabacina spore germination in vitro and P. tabacina infectivity on tobacco leaves. Nanomaterials 6:50. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6030050
www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-india.apex. Accessed 7 July 2021
Yadav AS, Srivastava DS (2015) Application of nanotechnology in weed management: a review. Res Rev: J Crop Sci Technol 4(2):21–23
Yao KS, Li SJ, Tzeng KC, Cheng TC, Chang CY, Chiu CY, Liao CY, Hsu JJ, Lin ZP (2009) Fluorescence silica nanoprobe as a biomarker for rapid detection of plant pathogens. pp 513–516
Zaytseva O, Neumann G (2016) Carbon nanomaterials: production, impact on plant development, agricultural and environmental applications. Chem Biol Technol Agric 3:17
Zeng L, Liu Y, Pan J, Liu X (2019) Formulation and evaluation of norcantharidin nanoemulsions against the Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). BMC Biotechnol 19:16
Zhang Z, Si T, Liu J, Zhou G (2019) In-situ silver nanoparticles on nonwoven fabrics based on mussel-inspired polydopamine for highly sensitive SERS carbaryl pesticides detection. Nanomaterials (Basel) 9(3):384
Zheng L, Hong F, Lu S, Liu C (2005) Effect of nano-TiO2 on strength of naturally aged seeds and growth of spinach. Biol Trace Elem Res 104:83–91
Zulfiqar F, Navarro M, Ashraf M, Akram NA, Munné-Bosch S (2019) Nanofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture: advantages and limitations. Plant Sci 289:110270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110270
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaur, S., Sharma, K., Singh, R., Kumar, N. (2022). Advancement in Crops and Agriculture by Nanomaterials. In: Thakur, A., Thakur, P., Khurana, S.P. (eds) Synthesis and Applications of Nanoparticles. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6819-7_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6819-7_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6818-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6819-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)