Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTVs), family Anelloviridae, are small, non-enveloped viruses with a circular, negative-sense, single-stranded DNA genome. Although TTVs have been reported in a wide variety of animals, porcine TTVs (or Torque teno sus virus, TTSuVs) have been more studied compared to those from other non-human host species, especially because of their association with economically important diseases of pigs, notably porcine circovirus infections. TTSuVs are highly prevalent and widely distributed in both healthy and diseased pigs and have been found to contaminate cell lines, human drugs, veterinary products and retail pork products. Although the current belief is that TTSuVs by itself cannot induce severe disease in pigs, they have been proposed to serve as complicating agents/co-factors in triggering or exacerbating certain porcine diseases, especially porcine circovirus-2 systemic disease (PCV2-SD). However, there are contradicting reports on the role of TTSuV in PCV2-SD and other porcine viral infections. This book chapter is a comprehensive and updated review of TTSuVs. Various aspects of TTSuVs, such as virus diversity and classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and immunisation, have been discussed.
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Abbreviations
- ICTV:
-
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- ORF:
-
Open reading frame
- PCV2:
-
Porcine circovirus-2
- PCV2-SD:
-
PCV2 systemic disease
- PCVAD:
-
Porcine circovirus-associated disease
- PRRSV:
-
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- ssDNA:
-
Single-stranded DNA
- TTSuV:
-
Torque teno sus virus
- TTSuV1a:
-
Torque teno sus virus 1a
- TTSuV1b:
-
Torque teno sus virus 1b
- TTSuVk2a:
-
Torque teno sus virus k2a
- TTSuVk2b:
-
Torque teno sus virus k2b
- TTV:
-
Toque teno virus
- UTR:
-
Untranslated region
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Acknowledgements
Resources for writing this book chapter were funded by the One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts.
Conflict of interest: None.
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Ghosh, S., Kleymann, A., Malik, Y.S., Kobayashi, N. (2020). Torque Teno Virus. In: Malik, Y., Singh, R., Yadav, M. (eds) Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses . Livestock Diseases and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_5
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