SpringerLink
Log in

Review of the Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid Schemes on Electrical Power Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Electric Power and Energy Infrastructure

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering ((LNEE,volume 608))

  • 600 Accesses

Abstract

The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), such as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), communicate with the power grid and sell demand response services by either returning electricity to the grid or by restricting their charging rate. Simultaneous charging of EV fleet can lead to an excessive loading, under-voltages and energy losses in distribution networks. On the other hand, the EVs in their idle mode has the ability to feed power back to grid which is useful for active power balancing, peak shaving, and stability enhancement. This paper reviews the V2G schemes to assess their impacts on the electrical power systems. The framework for coordinated operation of EVs with renewable energy sources in the various electricity markets was reviewed. The EVs’ capability in energy loss minimization and provision of ancillary services such as frequency and voltage control was also investigated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lopes JAP, Soares FJ, Almeida PMR (2011) Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system. Proc IEEE 99(1):168–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Yilmaz M, Krein PT (2013) Review of the impact of vehicle-to-grid technologies on distribution systems and utility interfaces. IEEE Trans Power Electron 28(12):5673–5689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Yilmaz M, Krein PT (2013) Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE Trans Power Electron 28(5):2151–2169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Habib S, Kamran M, Rashid U (2015) Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks—a review. J Power Sources 277:205–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. de Hoog J, Alpcan T, Brazil M, Thomas DA, Mareels I (2016) A market mechanism for electric vehicle charging under network constraints. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(2):827–836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang B, Kezunovic M (2016) Impact on power system flexibility by electric vehicle participation in ramp market. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(3):1285–1294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ansari M, Al-Awami AT, Sortomme E, Abido MA (2015) Coordinated bidding of ancillary services for vehicle-to-grid using fuzzy optimization. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(1):261–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bessa RJ, Matos MA (2013) Global against divided optimization for the participation of an EV aggregator in the day-ahead electricity market. part I: theory. Electr Power Syst Res 95:309–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bessa RJ, Matos MA (2013) Global against divided optimization for the participation of an EV aggregator in the day-ahead electricity market. part II: numerical analysis. Electr Power Syst Res 95:319–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bessa RJ, Matos MA, Soares FJ, Lopes JAP (2012) Optimized bidding of a EV aggregation agent in the electricity market. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(1):443–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Yang H, Yang S, Xu Y, Cao E, Dong Z (2015) Electric vehicle route optimization considering time-of-use electricity price by learnable partheno-genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(2):657–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cao Y et al (2012) An optimized EV charging model considering TOU price and SOC curve. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(1):388–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Davis BM, Bradley TH (2012) The efficacy of electric vehicle time-of-use rates in guiding plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging behavior. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(4):1679–1686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Pantos M (2012) Exploitation of electric-drive vehicles in electricity markets. IEEE Trans Power Syst 27(2):682–694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Marra F et al (2013) EV charging facilities and their application in LV feeders with photovoltaics. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(3):1533–1540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Marra F et al (2013) Improvement of local voltage in feeders with photovoltaic using electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3515–3516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Alam MJE, Muttaqi KM, Sutanto D (2013) Mitigation of rooftop solar PV impacts and evening peak support by managing available capacity of distributed energy storage systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(4):3874–3884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Alam MJE et al (2016) Effective utilization of available PEV battery capacity for mitigation of Solar PV impact and grid support with integrated V2G functionality. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(3):1562–1571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wu T, Yang Q, Bao Z, Yan W (2013) Coordinated energy dispatching in microgrid with wind power generation and plug-in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(3):1453–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Leterme W, Ruelens F, Claessens B, Belmans R (2014) A Flexible stochastic optimization method for wind power balancing With PHEVs. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(3):1238–1245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang N et al (2015) A fuzzy chance-constrained program for unit commitment problem considering demand response, electric vehicle and wind power. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 65:201–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liao YT, Lu CN (2015) Dispatch of EV charging station energy resources for sustainable mobility. IEEE Trans Transp Electr 1(1):86–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang G, Zhao J, Wen F, Xue Y, Ledwich G (2015) Dispatch strategy of PHEVs to mitigate selected patterns of seasonally varying outputs from renewable generation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(2):627–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nguyen HNT, Zhang C, Mahmud MA (2015) Optimal coordination of G2V and V2G to support power grids with high penetration of renewable energy. IEEE Trans Transp Electr 1(2):188–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Valentine K et al (2016) Relationship between wind power, electric vehicles and charger infrastructure in a two-settlement energy market. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 82:225–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jadhav HT, Ranjit R (2015) Stochastic optimal power flow incorporating offshore wind farm and electric vehicles. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 69:173–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sekyung H, Soohee H, Sezaki K (2010) Development of an optimal vehicle-to-grid aggregator for frequency regulation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1(1):65–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Guille C, Gross G (2009) A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation. Energy Policy 37(11):4379–4390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sortomme E, El-Sharkawi MA (2012) Optimal scheduling of vehicle to-grid energy and ancillary services. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(1):351–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tomic J, Kempton W (2007) Using fleets of electric-drive vehicles for grid support. J Power Sources 168(2):459–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Takagi M, Yamaji K, Yamamoto H (2009) Power system stabilization by charging power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with LFC signal. In: Proceedings of vehicle power and propulsion conference, Dearborn, MI, pp 822–826

    Google Scholar 

  32. Galus MD, Koch S, Andersson G (2011) Provision of load frequency control by PHEVs, controllable loads, a cogeneration unit. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 58(10):4568–4582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Pillai JR, Bak-Jensen B (2011) Integration of vehicle-to-grid in the western Danish power system. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2(1):12–19

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ota Y et al (2012) Autonomous distributed V2G (vehicle-to-grid) satisfying scheduled charging. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(1):559–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Masuta T, Yokoyama A (2012) Supplementary load frequency control by use of a number of both electric vehicles and heat pump water heaters. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(3):1253–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Yang H, Chung CY, Zhao J (2013) Application of plug-in electric vehicles to frequency regulation based on distributed signal acquisition via limited communication. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(2):1017–1026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Liu H, Hu Z, Song Y, Lin J (2013) Decentralized vehicle-to-grid control for primary frequency regulation considering charging demands. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3480–3489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Mu Y, Wu J, Ekanayake J, Jenkins N, Jia H (2013) Primary frequency response from electric vehicles in the Great Britain power system. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(2):1142–1150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Vachirasricirikul S, Ngamroo I (2014) Robust LFC in a smart grid with wind power penetration by coordinated V2G control and frequency controller. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 5(1):371–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Liu H, Hu Z, Song Y, Wang J, **e X (2015) Vehicle-to-grid control for supplementary frequency regulation considering charging demands. IEEE Trans Power Syst 30(6):3110–3119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pham TN, Trinh H, Hien LV (2016) Load frequency control of power systems with electric vehicles and diverse transmission links using distributed functional observers. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7(1):238–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Datta M, Senjyu T (2013) Fuzzy control of distributed PV inverters/energy storage systems/electric vehicles for frequency regulation in a large power system. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 1(4)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Falahati S, Taher SA, Shahidehpour M (2016) A new smart charging method for EVs for frequency control of smart grid. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 83:458–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Long C, Farrag MEA, Zhou C, Hepburn DM (2013) Statistical quantification of voltage violations in distribution networks penetrated by small wind turbines and battery electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):2403–2410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gellings C (2009) The smart grid: enabling energy efficiency and demand response. Fairmont Press

    Google Scholar 

  46. Albadi M, El-Saadany E (2007) Demand response in electricity markets: an overview. In: IEEE power engineering society general meeting, p 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  47. Jenkins N, Long C, Wu J (2015) An overview of the smart grid in great Britain. Engineering 1(4):413–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Strbac G (2008) Demand side management: benefits and challenges. Energy Policy 36:4419–4426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Darabi Z, Ferdowsi M (2011) Aggregated impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on electricity demand profile. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2:501–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Shao S, Pipattanasomporn M, Rahman S (2012) Grid integration of electric vehicles and demand response with customer choice. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3:543–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Sheikhi A, Bahrami S, Ranjbar A, Oraee H (2013) Strategic charging method for plugged in hybrid electric vehicles in smart grids; a game theoretic approach. Int J Electric Power Energy Syst 53:499–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Wang Z, Wang S (2013) Grid power peak shaving and valley filling using vehicle-to-grid systems. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 28:1822–1829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Oviedo RM, Fan Z, Gormus S, Kulkarni P (2014) A residential PHEV load coordination mechanism with renewable sources in smart grids. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 55:511–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. López M, Martín S, Aguado J, de la Torre S (2013) V2G strategies for congestion management in microgrids with high penetration of electric vehicles. Electr Power Syst Res 104:28–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Masoum A, Deilami S, Moses P, Masoum M, Abu-Siada A (2011) Smart load management of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution and residential networks with charging stations for peak shaving and loss minimization considering voltage regulation. IET Gener Transm Distrib 5:877–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. López MA, de la Torre S, Martín S, Aguado JA (2015) Demand-side management in smart grid operation considering electric vehicles load shifting and vehicle-to-grid support. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 64:689–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Lausenhammer W, Engel D, Green R (2016) Utilizing capabilities of plug in electric vehicles with a new demand response optimization software framework: Okeanos. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 75:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Mou Y, **ng H, Lin Z, Fu M (2015) Decentralized optimal demand-side management for PHEV charging in a smart grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Vandael S, Claessens B, Hommelberg M, Holvoet T, Deconinck G (2013) A scalable three-step approach for demand side management of plug-in hybrid vehicles. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(2)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was partly supported by Royal Academy of Engineering under Newton-Bhabha Fund with grant reference IAPP(I)\19 for “Industry-Academia Collaborative Project to Address System Wide Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources in Engineering Program”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India

    Praghnesh Bhatt

  2. School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK

    Chao Long

  3. C S Patel Institute of Technology, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, 388421, India

    Mahammadsoaib Saiyad

Authors
  1. Praghnesh Bhatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chao Long
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mahammadsoaib Saiyad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Praghnesh Bhatt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, IITRAM, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

    Axaykumar Mehta

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, IITRAM, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

    Abhishek Rawat

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, IITRAM, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

    Priyesh Chauhan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bhatt, P., Long, C., Saiyad, M. (2020). Review of the Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid Schemes on Electrical Power Systems. In: Mehta, A., Rawat, A., Chauhan, P. (eds) Advances in Electric Power and Energy Infrastructure. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 608. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0206-4_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0206-4_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0205-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0206-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation