Abstract
A morphological-based cladistic analysis was conducted on 116 ingroup taxa and 5 outgroups coded for 109 characters and 192 apomorphic character states. Ranunculid genera are better organized as the two orders Lardizabalales and Ranunculales, rather than Ranunculales and Papaverales of contemporary systems. Within Lardizabalales, the genus Decaisnea is segregated as a new family, in contrast to Sargentodoxa, which is maintained within Lardizabalalceae. The Berberidaceae and Menispermaceae are early branches of Ranunculales, which is primitively woody. Hydrastidaceae (including Glaucidium), Papaveraceae, and Ranunculaceae form a herbaceous clade of derived Ranunculales. The Papaveraceae subfamilies Platystemonoideae, Papaveroideae, and Eschscholzioideae are early branches, whereas Pteridophylloideae, Hypoecoideae, and Fumarioideae are derived. The Chelidonioideae are transitional and paraphyletic and therefore, a new subfamily is recognized for Glaucium and Dicranostigma. The Ranunculaceae subfamily lsopyroideae is a first branch, and Helleboroideae and Ranunculoideae are sister graups. Within lsopyroideae, the Aquilegieae is a first branch, and lsopyreae and Coptidae (including Dichocarpum and Thalictrum) are sister groups. Within Helleboroideae, the Caltheae is a first branch, and Helleboreae (including Nigella) and Cimicifugeae (including Aconitum, Beesia, and Delphinium) are sister groups. Within Ranunculoideae, the Adonideae is a first branch, and Anemoneae and Ranunculeae are sister groups. Circaeaster and Kingdonia are sister groups and positioned as a first branch of the Anemoneae, and it is at least 7 steps less parsimonious to remove both from Ranunculaceae, and 14 steps longer to remove only Circaeaster. It is 10 steps less parsimonious to consider a Ranunculaceae ancestry for Paeonia, which is positioned in Dilleniales. The “ranunculidae” are paraphyletic because Ranunculales are closer to Dilleniales than to Lardizabalales.
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Loconte, H., Campbell, L.M., Stevenson, D.W. (1995). Ordinal and familial relationships of Ranunculid genera. In: Jensen, U., Kadereit, J.W. (eds) Systematics and Evolution of the Ranunculiflorae. Plant Systematics and Evolution Supplement 9, vol 9. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6612-3_10
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