Abstract
The sebaceous glands are lipid-secreting glands found in the dermis of mammals. Most are associated with hair follicles as pilosebaceous glands found on most of the body surface:in man they are largest and most numerous on the face, forehead, scalp and front and back of the upper chest. The free sebaceous glands are not associated with hairs and occur in the transitional zones between the skin and mucous membranes. They are particularly prevalent in the anogenital and periareolar skin and the buccal mucosal membranes, where they increase in size with age. In some mammals free sebaceous glands have become highly specialised and are concerned with the secretion of pheromones, e.g. the preputial glands of rodents, the ventral glands of the gerbil, the costovertebral glands of hamsters and the large brachial glands of lemurs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alves A, Thody A, Shepherd L, Shuster S (1983) Estrogen stimulates preputial lipogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 80:358
Alves A, Thody A, Fisher C, Shuster S (1986) Measurement of lipogenesis in isolated pre¬putial gland cells of the rat and the effect of oestrogen. J Endocrinol 109:1–7
Archibald A (1973) A study of factors influencing sebaceous gland activity in the rat. PhD Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Archibald A, Shuster S (1967) Bioassay of androgen using the rat sebaceous gland. J Endocrinol 37:22
Archibald A, Shuster S (1969) The bioassay of androgens and antiandrogens using sebum secretion in the rat. Proc R Soc Med 62:887–888
Bowden PE, Meddis D, Cooper MF, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1976) Effects of 5α-reduced androgens on preputial gland size and lipogenic activity. Biochem Soc Trans 4:795–797
Bruchovsky N, Wilson JD (1968) The conversion of testosterone to 5α-androstan-17β-ol-one by rat prostate in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 243:5953–5960
Burton JL (1970) The physical properties of sebum in acne vulgaris. Clin Sci 39:757
Burton JL, Shuster S (1970) Effect of L-dopa on seborrhoea of parkinsonism. Lancet 11:19–20
Burton JL, Cunliffe WJ, Shuster S (1970) Circadian rhythm in sebum excretion. Br J Dermatol 82:497–501
Burton JL, Libman LJ, Hall R, Shuster S (1971) Laevo-dopa in acne vulgaris. Lancet II:370
Burton JL, Cartlidge M, Shuster S (1972 a) Variation in sebum secretion during the menstrual cycle. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 53:81–84
Burton JL, Libman LJ, Cunliffe WJ, Wilkinson R, Hall R, Shuster S (1972 b) Sebum excretion in acromegaly. Br Med J 1:406–408
Burton JL, Shuster S, Cartlidge M, Libman LJ, Martell U (1973) Lactation, sebum excretion and melanocyte stimulating hormone. Nature 243:349–350
Burton JL, Shuster S, Cartlidge M (1975) The sebotrophic effect of pregnancy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 55:11–13
Clark D, Thody AJ, Bowers H, Shuster S (1978) Immunoreactive α-MSH in human plasma in pregnancy. Nature 274:163–164
Cooper MF, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1974) Hormonal regulation of cutaneous lipogenesis:effects of hypophysectomy, posterior hypophysectomy and a-melanocyte stimulating hormone treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 360:193–204
Cooper MF, Bowden PE, Meddis D, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1975) The effect of a-MSH and various androgens on preputial gland activity. Acta Endocrinol [Suppl] 119:250
Cooper MF, Hay JB, McGibbon D, Shuster S (1976 a) Androgen metabolism and sebaceous activity in clonal acne. J Invest Dermatol 66:261
Cooper MF, Meddis D, Bowden PE, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1976 b) A comparison of the effects of growth hormone and a-MSH on the sebaceous gland. J Endocrinol 72:29P–30P
Cooper MF, McGibbon D, Shuster S (1977) Response of sebaceous lipogenesis to testosterone in acne. J Invest Dermatol 68:255
Cooper MF, McGibbon D, Wilson PD, Shuster S (1979) Androgenic control of the human sebaceous gland. J Invest Dermatol 72:267
Cotterill JA, Cunliffe WJ, Williamson B, Bulusu L (1972) Age and sex variation in skin surface lipid composition and sebum excretion rate. Br J Dermatol 87:333–340
Cunliffe WJ, Shuster S (1969) Pathogenesis of acne. Lancet 1:685–687
Donohoe SM, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1981) Effect of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and ovarian steroids on preputial gland function in the female rat. J Endocrinol 90:53–58
Downing DT, Strauss JS, Norton LA, Pochi PE, Stewart ME (1977) The time course of lipid formation in human sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 69:407–412
Ebling FJ (1948) Sebaceous glands. I. The effect of sex hormones on the sebaceous glands of the female albino rat. J Endocrinol 5:297–302
Ebling FJ (1961) Failure of progesterone to enlarge sebaceous glands in the female rat. Br J Dermatol 73:65–68
Ebling FJ (1963) Hormonal control of sebaceous glands in experimental animals. In: Montagna W, Ellis RA, Silvers AF (eds) Advances in biology of skin, vol 4, The sebaceous glands. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 200–210
Ebling FJ, Skinner J (1967) The measurement of sebum production in rats treated with testosterone and oestradiol. Br J Dermatol 79:386–393
Ebling FJ, Ebling E, Skinner J (1969 a) The influence of pituitary hormones on the response of the sebaceous glands of the rat to testosterone. J Endocrinol 45:245–256
Ebling FJ, Ebling E, Skinner J (1969 b) The influence of the pituitary on the response of the sebaceous and preputial glands of the rat to progesterone. J Endocrinol 45:257–263
Ebling FJ, Ebling E, Skinner J (1970) The effects of thyrotropic hormone and of thyroxine on the response of the sebaceous glands of the rat to testosterone. J Endocrinol 48:83–90
Ebling FJ, Ebling E, McCaffery V, Skinner J (1971) The response of the sebaceous glands of the hypophysectomised castrated male rat to 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone. J Endocrinol 51:181–190
Ebling FJ, Ebling E, Randall V, Skinner J (1975) The synergistic action of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and testosterone on the sebaceous, prostate, preputial, Harderian and lachrymal glands, seminal vesicles and brown adipose tissue in the hypophysectomised castrated rat. J Endocrinol 66:407–412
Ellis RA (1967) Eccrine, sebaceous, and apocrine glands. In:Zelickson AS (ed) Ultrastructure of normal and abnormal skin. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
Ellis RA, Hendrikson RC (1963) The ultrastructure of the sebaceous glands of man. In:Montagna W, Ellis RA, Silver AF (eds) Advances in biology of skin, vol 4, The sebaceous glands. Pergamon, Oxford
Flamigni CA, Collins WP, Koullapis EN, Craft I, Dewhurst C, Sommerville IF (1971) Androgen metabolism in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32:737–743
Fulton JE, Plewig G, Kligman AM (1969) Effect of chocolate on acne vulgaris. JAMA 210:2071–2074
Glenn EM, Gray J (1965) Effect of various hormones on the growth and histology of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) abdominal sebaceous gland pad. Endocrinology 76:1115–1123
Glenn EM, Richardson SL, Bowman BJ (1959) A method of assay of anti-tumour activity using a rat mammary fibroadenoma. Endocrinology 64:379–389
Gomez EC, Hsia SL (1968) In vitro metabolism of testosterone-4-14C and Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione-4-14C in human skin. Biochemistry 7:24–32
Goolamali SK, Burton JL, Shuster S (1973) Sebum excretion in hypopituitarism. Br J Dermatol 89:21–24
Goolamali SK, Plummer N, Burton JL, Shuster S, Thody AJ (1974) Sebum excretion and melanocyte stimulating hormone in hypoadrenalism. J Invest Dermatol 63:253–255
Goolamali SK, Evered D, Shuster S (1976) Thyroid disease and sebaceous function. Br Med J 1:432–433
Greene RS, Downing DT, Pochi PE, Strauss JS (1970) Anatomical variation in the amount and composition of human skin surface lipids. J Invest Dermatol 54:240–247
Haskin D, Lasher N, Rothman S (1953) Some effects of ACTH, cortisone, progesterone and testosterone on sebaceous glands in the white rat. J Invest Dermatol 20:207–211
Hay JB, Meddis D, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1976) Androgen metabolism in preputial glands of hypophysectomised rats. J Endocrinol 71:96
Hay JB, Cooper MF, McGibbon D, Shuster S (1977) Comparison between sebaceous lipogenesis and androgen metabolism in skin from acne patietns. J Invest Dermatol 68:253
Hay JB, Meddis D, Thody AJ, Shuster S (1982) Mechanism of action of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone in rat preputial glands:the role of androgen metabolism. J Endocrinol 94:289–294
Hsia SL, Voigt V (1974) Inhibition of DHT production:an effective means of blocking androgen action in the hamster sebaceous gland. J Invest Dermatol 62:224–227
Ikai K (1959) Rate of sebum excretion from the glands onto the skin surface. J Invest Der-matol 32:27–33
Kellum RE, Strangfleld K, Ray LF (1970) Acne vulgaris. Studies in pathogenesis:triglyceride hydrolysis by Corynebacterium acnes in vitro. Arch Dermatol 101:41–47
Kirk E (1948) Quantitative determination of the skin lipid secretion in middle aged and old individuals. J Gerontol 3:251–266
Krahenbuhl C, Desaulles PA (1969) Interactions between α-MSH and sex steroids on the preputial glands of female rats. Experientia 25:1193–1195
Lindholm JS, Downing DT (1980) Occurrence of squalene in skin surface lipids of the otter, the beaver and the kinkajou. Lipids 15:1062–1063
Lucas PD, Donohoe SM, Thody AJ (1982) The role of estrogen and progesterone in the control of preputial gland sex attractant odors in the female rat. Physiol Behav 28:601–607
Mauvais-Jarvis P, Kuttenn F, Mowszowicz I (1981) Hirsutism. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
McDonald I, Clarke G (1970) Variations in the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in the skin surface fat during the menstrual cycle. Br J Dermatol 83:473–476
Meddis D, Thody AJ, Shuster S, Greven HM (1978) The effect of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and various analogues on preputial gland weight in the rat. IRCS Medical Science 6:433
Nakanishi S, Inone A, Kita T, Nakamura M, Chang ACY, Cohen SN, Numa S (1979) Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for bovine corticotropin-β-lipotrophin precursor. Nature 278:423–427
Nicolaides N, Rothman S (1953) Studies on the chemical composition of human hair fat. J Invest Dermatol 21:9–14
Nicolaides N, Wells GC (1957) On the biogenesis of the free fatty acids in human skin surface fat. J Invest Dermatol 29:423–433
Nikkari T, Valavaara M (1969) The production of sebum in young rats. Effects of age, sex, hypophysectomy and treatment with somatotrophic hormone and sex hormones. J Endocrinol 43:113–118
Nikkari T, Valavaara M (1970) The influence of age, sex, hypophysectomy and various hormones on the composition of the skin surface lipids of the rat. Br J Dermatol 183:459–472
Pietras RJ (1981) Sex pheromone production by preputial gland:the regulatory role of estrogen. Chem Sens 6:391–408
Plewig G, Christophers E (1974) Renewal rate of human sebaceous glands. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 54:177–182
Pochi PE, Strauss JS, Mescon H (1963) The role of adrenocortical steroids in the control of human sebaceous gland activity. J Invest Dermatol 41:391–399
Pochi PE, Downing DT, Strauss JS (1970) Sebaceous gland response in man to prolonged total caloric deprivation. J Invest Dermatol 55:303–309
Robin M, Kepecs JC (1953) The relationship between certain emotional states and the rates of secretion of sebum. J Invest Dermatol 20:373–384
Russell MJ (1976) Human olfactory communication. Nature 260:520–522
Rust S, Harth P, Herrmann F (1968) Untersuchungen der freien Fettsäuren im Hautober-flächenfett von Hautgesunden. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 231:300–310
Rust S, Harth P, Herrmann F (1970) Untersuchungen der freien Fettsäuren in Hautober-flächenfett von Psoriatikern. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 238:207–216
Shuster S (1976) Hypothesis:the biological purpose of acne. Lancet 1:1328
Shuster S (1982) The sebaceous glands and primary cutaneous virilism. In:Jeffcoate SL (ed) Androgens and antiandrogen therapy. Wiley, Chichester
Shuster S, Thody AJ (1974) The control and measurement of sebum secretion. J Invest Dermatol 62:172–190
Shuster S, Thody AJ, Goolamali SK, Burton JL, Plummer NA, Bates D (1973) Melanocyte stimulating hormone and parkinsonism. Lancet 1:463–465
Shuster S, Goolamali SK, Smith AG, Thody AJ, Alvarez-Ude F, Kerr DNS (1976) Decreased sebum excretion in chronic renal failure. Br Med J 1:23–24
Shuster S, Hinks WM, Thody AJ (1977) Effect of sex and age at gonadectomy on the sebaceous response to progesterone. J Endocrinol 73:67–70
Silman RE, Chard T, Lowry PJ, Smith I, Young IM (1976) Human foetal pituitary peptides and parturition. Nature 260:716–718
Stoddart DM (1980) Aspects of the evolutionary biology of mammalian olfaction. In:Stoddart DM (ed) Olfaction in mammals. Academic, London
Strauss JS, Kligman AM (1961) Effect of progesterone and progesterone like compounds on the human sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 36:309–318
Strauss JS, Pochi PE (1963) The hormonal control of sebaceous glands. In:Montagna W, Ellis RA, Silvers AF (eds) Advances in biology of skin, vol 4. Sebaceous glands. Pergamon, Oxford
Strauss JS, Downing DT, Ebling FJ (1983) Sebaceous glands. In:Goldsmith LA (ed) Bio-chemistry and physiology of the skin, vol II. Oxford University Press, New York
Thody AJ, Dijkstra H (1978) Effect of ovarian steroids on preputial gland odours in the female rat. J Endocrinol 77:397–403
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1970) The effect of hypophysectomy and testosterone on the activity of the sebaceous glands of castrated rats. J Endocrinol 47:219–224
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1971a) The effect of hypophysectomy on the response of the sebaceous gland to testosterone propionate. J Endocrinol 49:329–333
Thody A J, Shuster S (1971 b) The effect of adrenalectomy and adrenocortico trophic hormone on sebum secretion in the rat. J Endocrinol 49:325–328
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1971c) Sebotrophic activity of β-lipotrophin. J Endocrinol 50:533–534
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1971d) Increased sebum secretion in adult female rats after neonatal treatment with testosterone propionate. J Endocrinol 49:677–681
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1972a) A study of the relationship between the thyroid gland and sebum secretion in the rat. J Endocrinol 54:239–244
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1972b) The control of sebum secretion by the posterior pituitary. Nature 237:346–347
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1973) A possible role of MSH in the mammal. Nature 245:207–209
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1975) Control of sebaceous gland function in the rat by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. J Endocrinol 64:504–510
Thody AJ, Shuster S (1976) α-MSH and the metabolism of testosterone in the skin of the rat. J Invest Dermatol 66:264
Thody AJ, Cooper MF, Bowden PE, Meddis D, Shuster S (1976) Effect of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and testosterone on cutaneous and modified sebaceous glands in the rat. J Endocrinol 71:279–288
Thody AJ, Meddis D, Shuster S (1978) Increased sebaceous gland activity in the adult rat after α-melanocyte stimulating hormone treatment during early life. J Invest Dermatol 70:328–330
Thody AJ, Fisher C, Kendal-Taylor P, Jones MT, Price J, Abraham RR (1985) The mea-surement of immunoreactive α-melanocyte stimulating hormone in human plasma. Acta Endocrinol 110:313–318
Thomas SE, Harrington CI, Ebling FJ (1983) An investigation into the sebum excretion rate above and below the lesion in paraplegic patients. Br J Dermatol 109:696
Thomas SE, Conway J, Ebling FJ, Harrington CI (1985) Measurement of sebum excretion rate and skin temperature above and below the neurological lesion in paraplegic patients. Br J Dermatol 112:569–573
Toh YC (1979) Effect of neonatal administration of thyroxine on the rate of sebum production in rats. J Endocrinol 83:199–203
Toh YC (1980a) Role of the gonads in the regulation of sebaceous glands in rats:comparison of the effects of castration at birth and after birth. J Endocrinol 85:261–265
Toh YC (1980 b) Effect of ovariectomy at birth on the regulation of sebaceous glands in rats. J Endocrinol 86:179–182
Toh YC (1982) Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the activity of the sebaceous glands in rats. Endokrinologie 80:56–59
Wheatley VR, Potter JER, Lew G (1979) Sebaceous gland differentiation. II. The isolation, separation and characterization of cells from mouse preputial gland. J Invest Dermatol 73:291–296
Wilson JD, Walker JD (1969) The conversion of testosterone to 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one (dihydrotestosterone) by skin slices of man. J Clin Invest 48:371–379
Wolff HG, Lorenz TH, Graham DT (1951) Stress, emotions and human sebum:their relevance to acne vulgaris. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 64:435–44
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thody, A.J., Shuster, S. (1989). The Sebaceous Glands. In: Greaves, M.W., Shuster, S. (eds) Pharmacology of the Skin I. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 87 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73797-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73797-8_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73799-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73797-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive