SpringerLink
Log in

Trauma of the Mediastinum

  • Chapter
Radiology of Blunt Trauma of the Chest

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

Pneumomediastinum, also known as mediastinal emphysema, refers to free air collections surrounding mediastinal structures [8, 21]. It occurs in up to 10% of blunt chest trauma [56]. In over 95% of cases, pneumomediastinum results either from extension of a subcutaneous emphysema or from alveolar rupture related to primary lung trauma or positive-pressure mechanical ventilation [56, 107, 108, 214, 260]. Alveolar rupture is followed by centripetal dissection of the released alveolar air through the pulmonary interstitium and along the peribroncho-vascular sheaths into the mediastinum; this pathophysiological process is classically described as the “Macklin effect” (Figs. 6.1,6.13) [31,159,288]. In the remaining cases, pneumomediastinum results from lesions of the trachea, bronchi or esophagus (Sects. 6.2,6.3) [56,108,214,260].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

eBook
EUR 9.99
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 52.74
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adams JE III (1997) Utility of cardiac troponins in patients with suspected cardiac trauma or after cardiac surgery. Clin Lab Med 17: 613–623

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adams JE III, Davila-Roman VG, Bessey PQ, et al. (1996) Improved detection of cardiac contusion with cardiac troponin I. Am Heart J 131: 308–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Agee CK, Metzler MH, Churchill RJ, et al. (1992) Computed tomographic evaluation to exclude traumatic aortic disruption. J Trauma 33: 876–881

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahrar K, Smith DC (1998) Trauma to the aorta and aortic arch branches. Curr Opin Cardiol 13: 355–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ahrar K, Smith DC, Bansal RC, et al. (1997) Angiography in blunt thoracic aortic injury. J Trauma 42:665–669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Albuquerque FC, Krasna MJ, McLaughlin JS (1992) Chronic, traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 54: 980–982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Aldhoheyan A, Jain SK, Hamdy M, et al. (1992) Traumatic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Injury 23:331–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Amodio JB, Berdon WE, Abramson SJ, et al. (1986) Retrocardiac pneumomediastinum in association with tracheal and esophageal perforations. Pediatr Radiol 16: 380–383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrade-Alegre R (1994) T-tube intubation in the management of late traumatic esophageal perforations: case report. J Trauma 37: 131–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Angood PB, Attia EL, Brown RA, et al. (1986) Extrinsic civilian trauma to the larynx and cervical trachea-important predictors of long-term morbidity. J Trauma 26:869–873

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Baharloo F, Verhelst R, Collard P, et al. (1999) Rupture of aortic aneurysm with right-sided haemothorax. Eur Respir J 13:465–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baillot R, Dontigny L, Verdant A, et al. (1989) Intrapericardial trauma: surgical experience. J Trauma 29:736–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Banks E, Chun J, Weaver FA (1995) Chronic innominate artery dissection after blunt thoracic trauma: case report. J Trauma 38: 975–978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Banning AP, Durrani A, Pillai R (1997) Rupture of the atrial septum and tricuspid valve after blunt chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 64: 240–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Baumgartner F, Sheppard B, De Virgilio C, et al. (1990) Tracheal and main bronchial disruptions after blunt chest trauma: presentation and management. Ann Thorac Surg 50: 569–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Beal SL, Pottmeyer EW, Spisso JM (1988) Esophageal perforation following external blunt trauma. J Trauma 28:1425–1432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bejvan SM, Godwin JD (1996) Pneumomediastinum: old signs and new signs. AJR 166: 1041–1048

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ben-Menachem Y (1993) Rupture of the thoracic aorta by broadside impacts in road traffic and other collisions: further angiographic observations and preliminary autopsy findings. J Trauma 35: 363–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Berkery W, Hare C, Warner RA, et al. (1987) Nonpenetrating traumatic rupture of the tricuspid valve. Formation of ventricular septal aneurysm and subsequent septal necrosis: recognition by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Chest 91: 778–780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Besson A, Saegesser F (1982) A colour atlas of chest trauma and associated injuries. Wolfe Medical, London, Parts 1 and 2

    Google Scholar 

  21. Beyers JA, Melonas CF (1987) The visible wall of a main bronchus: a new radiological sign of pneumomediastinum. Br J Radiol 60: 877–879

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Biffl WL, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. (1994) Cardiac enzymes are irrelevant in the patient with suspected myocardial contusion. Am J Surg 168: 523–527; discussion: 527-528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bintz M, Gall WE, Harbin D (1992) Blunt myocardial disruption: report of an unusual case and literature review. J Trauma 33: 933–934

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bladergroen MR, Lowe JE, Postlethwait RW (1986) Diagnosis and recommended management of esophageal perforation and rupture. Ann Thorac Surg 42: 235–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Blanchard DG, Kimura BJ, Dittrich HC, et al. (1994) Transesophageal echocardiography of the aorta. JAMA 272: 546–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Blessing E, Wolpers HG, Hausmann D, et al. (1996) Post-traumatic myocardial infarction with severe coronary intimal dissection documented by intravascular ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 9: 906–908

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bodin L, Rouby JJ, Viars P (1988) Myocardial contusion in patients with blunt chest trauma as evaluated by thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy. Chest 94: 72–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Boland J, Limet R, Trotteur G, et al. (1988) Left main coronary dissection after mild chest trauma. Favorable evolution with fibrinolytic and surgical therapies. Chest 93:213–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bouchart F, Bessou JP, Tabley A, et al. (1992) Ruptures traumatiques isthmiques de l’aorte au stade aigu: réévaluation du traitement chirurgical. Réflexions à propos de 47 cas. Ann Chir 46: 116-124

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bourgois M, Lehot JJ, Hercule C, et al. (1994) Ruptures traumatiques de l’isthme de l’aorte: analyse de 22 cas récents. Cah Anesthesiol 42: 455–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bouwen L, Bosmans E (1997) Post-traumatic pneumomediastinum: not always cause for alarm. Acta Chir Belg 97: 145–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bowen A III, Quattromani FL (1980) Infraazygous pneumomediastinum in the newborn. AJR 135: 1017–1021

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Brathwaite CE, Cilley JM, O’Connor WH, et al. (1994) The pivotal role of transesophageal echocardiography in the management of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture with associated intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Chest 105:1899–1901

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brathwaite CE, Rodriguez A, Turney SZ, et al. (1990) Blunt traumatic cardiac rupture. A 5-year experience. Ann Surg 212: 701–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Brooks AP, Olson LK, Shackford SR (1989) Computed tomography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Clin Radiol 40: 133–13

    Google Scholar 

  36. Brown J, Grover FL (1997) Trauma to the heart. Chest Surg Clin N Am 7: 325–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Burnett CM, Rosemurgy AS, Pfeiffer EA (1990) Life-threatening acute posterior mediastinitis due to esophageal perforation. Ann Thorac Surg 49: 979–983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cachecho R, Grindlinger GA, Lee VW (1992) The clinical significance of myocardial contusion. J Trauma 33: 68–71; discussion: 71-73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Castillo M, Oldham S (1985) Cardiac volvulus: plain film recognition of an often fatal condition. AJR 145: 271–271

    Google Scholar 

  40. Catoire P, Orliaguet G, Liu N, et al. (1995) Systematic transesophageal echocardiography for detection of mediastinal lesions in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma 38: 96–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chaumoitre K, Zappa M, Portier F, et al. (1997) Rupture of the right atrium-superior vena cava junction from blunt thoracic trauma: helical CT diagnosis. AJR 169:1753

    Google Scholar 

  42. Chiu WC, D’Amelio LF, Hammond JS (1997) Sternal fractures in blunt chest trauma: a practical algorithm for management. Am J Emerg Med 15: 252–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Choe YH, Im JG, Park JH, et al. (1987) The anatomy of the pericardial space: a study in cadavers and patients. AJR 149: 693–697

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Clements RH, Wagmeister LS, Carraway RP (1997) Bluntintrapericardial rupture of the pulmonary artery in a surviving patient. Ann Thorac Surg 64: 258–260

    Google Scholar 

  45. Clyne CA, Aurigemma G, Sweeney A, et al. (1989) Traumatic intracardiac communication: detection by color flow map**. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2: 342–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cohen AM, Crass JR, Thomas HA, et al. (1992) CT evidence for the “osseous pinch” mechanism of traumaticaortic injury. AJR 159: 271–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Colachis S III, Murray KD (1992) Esophageal perforation: a delayed complication following traumatic spinal cord injury. Case report. Paraplegia 30: 449–453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Collins MP, Robinson GC (1989) Traumatic rupture of the pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 47: 612–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Cotter G, Moshkovitz Y, Barash P, et al. (1996) Ventricular fibrillation in the patient with blunt trauma: not always exsanguination. J Trauma 41: 345–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cowley RA, Turney SZ, Hankins JR, et al. (1990) Rupture of thoracic aorta caused by blunt trauma. A fifteen-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100: 652–660; discussion 660-661

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Crass JR, Cohen AM, Motta AO, et al. (1990) A proposed new mechanism of traumatic aortic rupture: the osseous pinch. Radiology 176: 645–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Crawford ES, Svensson LG, Coselli JS, et al. (1989) Surgical treatment of aneurysm and/or dissection of the ascending aorta, transverse aortic arch, and ascending aorta and transverse aortic arch. Factors influencing survival in 717 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98: 659–673; discussion: 673-674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Creasy JD, Chiles C, Routh WD, et al. (1997) Overview of traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta. Radiographics 17:27–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Curtin JJ, Goodman LR, Thorsen MK (1993) Lésion traumatique aortique. La tomodensitométrie a-t-elle un role? J Radiol 74: 523–530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Curzen N, Brett S, Fox K (1997) Concrete induced cardiac contusion. Heart 78: 313–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Cyrlak D, Milne EN, Imray TJ (1984) Pneumomediastinum: a diagnostic problem. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 23: 75–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dalldorf PG, McCarthy MC, Tarver RD, et al. (1990) Traumatic rupture of the aorta. Indications for aortography. Am Surg 56: 500–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. De Rooij PD, Haarman HJ (1993) Herniation of the stomach into the pericardial sac combined with cardiac luxation caused by blunt trauma: a case report. J Trauma 34:453–454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. De Vries RA, Kremer-Schneider MM, Otten MH (1991) Intramural hematoma of the esophagus caused by minor head injury 6 hours previously. Gastrointest Radiol 16: 283–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dee PM (1992) The radiology of chest trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 30: 291–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. DelRossi AJ, Cernaianu AC, Cilley JH Jr, et al. (1990) Multiple traumatic disruptions of the thoracic aorta. Chest 97: 1307–1309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. DelRossi AJ, Cernaianu AC, Madden LD, et al. (1990) Traumatic disruptions of the thoracic aorta: treatment and outcome. Surgery 108:864–870

    Google Scholar 

  63. Deslandes V, Jacob JP, Chapillon M, et al. (1994) Diagnostic précoce de la luxation extrapéricardique du coeur d’origine traumatique. Intérêt de la tomodensitometrie. A propos d’un cas. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 13:734–737

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Diehl JT, Moon B, LeClerc Y, et al. (1987) Acute type A dissection of the aorta: surgical management with the sutureless intraluminal prosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg 43: 502–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Dodge A, Fischer AP, Sadeghi H (1998) Direct repair of right atrial rupture after blunt chest trauma without cardiopulmonary bypass. Swiss Surg 4: 61–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Dontigny L, Baillot R, Panneton J, et al. (1992) Surgical repair of traumatic tricuspid insufficiency: report of three cases. J Trauma 33: 266–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Dougherty JE, Gabram SG, Glickstein MF, et al. (1993) Traumatic intramyocardial dissection secondary to significant blunt chest trauma: a case report. J Trauma 34:300–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Dubrow TJ, Mihalka J, Eisenhauer DM, et al. (1989) Myocardial contusion in the stable patient: what level of care is appropriate? Surgery 106: 267–273; discussion:273-274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Duhaylongsod FG, Glower DD, Wolfe WG (1992) Acute traumatic aortic aneurysm: the Duke experience from 1970 to 1990. J Vase Surg 15:331–342; discussion: 342-343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Duvernoy O, Coulden R, Ytterberg C (1995) Aortic motion: a potential pitfall in CT imaging of dissection in the ascending aorta. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19: 569–572

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Eaves CC (1990) Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta presenting as transient paraplegia. J Emerg Med 8:429–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Eckert WG (1977) Crash injuries on the road. In: Tedeschi CG, Eckert WG, Tedeschi LG (eds) Forensic medicine. A study in trauma and environmental hazards, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Part 2, pp 853–862

    Google Scholar 

  73. Eichelberger JP (1994) Aortic dissection without intimal tear: case report and findings on transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 7: 82–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. End A, Rodler S, Oturanlar D, et al. (1994) Elective surgery for blunt cardiac trauma. J Trauma 37: 798–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fabian TC, Cicala RS, Croce MA, et al. (1991) A prospective evaluation of myocardial contusion: correlation of significant arrhythmias and cardiac output with CPK-MB measurements. J Trauma 31: 653–659; discussion:659-660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Fakhry SM, Jaques PF, Proctor HJ (1988) Cervical vessel injury after blunt trauma. J Vase Surg 8: 501–508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fasol R, Lowka K, Noldge G, et al. (1990) Traumatic herniation of the heart into the right pleura. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 38: 379–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Feczko JD, Lynch L, Pless JE, et al. (1992) An autopsy case review of 142 nonpenetrating (blunt) injuries of the aorta. J Trauma 33: 846–849

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Fenner MN, Fisher KS, Sergei NL, et al. (1990) Evaluation of possible traumatic thoracic aortic injury using aortography and CT. Am Surg 56: 497–499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ferjani M, Droc G, Dreux S, et al. (1997) Circulating cardiac troponin T in myocardial contusion. Chest 111:427–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fisher RG, Chasen MH, Lamki N (1994) Diagnosis of injuries of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries caused by blunt chest trauma: CT vs aortography. AJR 162:1047–1052

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Fleckenstein JL, Schultz SM, Miller RH (1987) Serial aortography assesses stability of “atypical” aortic arch ruptures. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 10: 194–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Flynn AE, Thomas AN, Schecter WP (1989) Acute tracheobronchial injury. J Trauma 29: 1326–1330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Foil MB, Mackersie RC, Furst SR, et al. (1990) The asymptomatic patient with suspected myocardial contusion. Am J Surg 160: 638–642; discussion: 642-643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Foussas SG, Athanasopoulos GD, Cokkinos DV (1989) Myocardial infarction caused by blunt chest injury: possible mechanisms involved: case reports. Angiology 40:313–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fu M, Wu CJ, Hsieh MJ (1999) Coronary dissection and myocardial infarction following blunt chest trauma. J Formos Med Assoc 98: 136–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Fulda G, Brathwaite CE, Rodriguez A, et al. (1991) Blunt traumatic rupture of the heart and pericardium: a ten year experience (1979-1989). J Trauma 31: 167–172; discussion: 172-173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Fulda GJ, Giberson F, Hailstone D, et al. (1997) An evaluation of serum troponin T and signal-averaged electrocardiography in predicting electrocardiographic abnormalities after blunt chest trauma. J Trauma 43: 304–310; discussion: 310-312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Gandelman G, Barzilay N, Krupsky M, et al. (1994) Left pleural hemorrhagic effusion. A presenting sign of thoracic aortic dissecting aneurysm. Chest 106: 636–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Garcia-Fernandez MA, Lopez-Perez JM, Perez-Castellano N, et al. (1998) Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of patients with blunt chest trauma: correlation of echocardiographic findings with the electrocardiogram and creatine kinase monoclonal antibody measurements. Am Heart J 135:476–481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gavant ML, Flick P, Menke P, et al. (1996) CT aortography of thoracic aortic rupture. AJR 166: 955–961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gavant ML, Menke PG, Fabian T, et al. (1995) Blunt traumatic aortic rupture: detection with helical CT of the chest. Radiology 197: 125–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Genoni M, Jenni R, Turina M (1997) Traumatic ventricular septal defect. Heart 78: 316–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ghahremani GG (1994) Esophageal trauma. Semin Roentgenol 29: 387–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Glinz W (1981) Chest trauma. Diagnosis and management. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  96. Goarin JP, Le Bret F, Riou B, et al. (1993) Early diagnosis of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 103: 618–620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Godbe D, Waxman K, Wang FW, et al. (1992) Diagnosis of myocardial contusion. Quantitative analysis of single photon emission computed tomographic scans. Arch Surg 127: 888–892

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Godwin JD, Tolentino CS (1987) Thoracic cardiovascular trauma. J Thorac Imaging 2: 32–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Goldfaden D, Seifert P, Milloy F, et al. (1986) Combined tracheal transection and innominate artery disruption from blunt chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 41: 213–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Goldstein L, Mirvis SE, Kostrubiak IS, et al. (1989) CT diagnosis of acute pericardial tamponade after blunt chest trauma. AJR 152: 739–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Goldstein SA, Mintz GS, Lindsay J Jr (1993) Aorta: comprehensive evaluation by echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 6: 634–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Goulah RD, Rose MR, Strober M, et al. (1988) Coronary dissection following chest trauma with systemic emboli. Chest 93: 887–888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Grant WJ, Meyers RL, Jaffe RL, et al. (1998) Tracheobronchial injuries after blunt chest trauma in children: hidden pathology. J Pediatr Surg 33: 1707–1711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Greenberg J, Salinger M, Weschler F, et al. (1998) Circumflex coronary artery dissection following waterskiing. Chest 113: 1138–1140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Grieco JG, Montoya A, Sullivan HJ, et al. (1989) Ventricular aneurysm due to blunt chest injury. Ann Thorac Surg 47: 322–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Grinberg AR, Finkielman JD, Pineiro D, et al. (1998) Rupture of mitral chorda tendinea following blunt chest trauma. Clin Cardiol 21: 300–301

    Google Scholar 

  107. Groskin SA (1992) Selected topics in chest trauma. Radiology 183: 605–617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Groskin SA (1996) Selected topics in chest trauma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 17: 119–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Gupta A, Jamshidi M, Rubin JR (1997) Traumatic first rib fracture: is angiography necessary? A review of 730 cases. Cardiovasc Surg 5: 48–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Gussack GS, Jurkovich GJ (1988) Treatment dilemmas in laryngotracheal trauma. J Trauma 28: 1439–1444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Hammond DI (1984) The “ring-around-the-artery” sign in pneumomediastinum. J Can Assoc Radiol 35: 88–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hara KS, Prakash UB (1989) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of acute chest and upper airway trauma. Chest 96: 627–630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hendel RC, Cohn S, Aurigemma G, et al. (1992) Focal myocardial injury following blunt chest trauma: a comparison of indium-111 antimyosin scintigraphy with other noninvasive methods. Am Heart J 123:1208–1215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Herbetko J, Brunton FJ (1988) Oesophageal haematoma: report of three cases. Clin Radiol 39: 462–463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Heystraten FM, Rosenbusch G, Kingma LM, et al. (1986) Chronic posttraumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: surgically correctable occult threat. AJR 146: 303–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Heystraten FM, Rosenbusch G, Kingma LM, et al. (1988) Chest radiography in acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Acta Radiol 29: 411–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Hiatt JR, Yeatman LA Jr, Child JS (1988) The value of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma. J Trauma 28:914–922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hilgenberg AD, Logan DL, Akins CW, et al. (1992) Blunt injuries of the thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 53: 233–238; discussion: 238-239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Hirsch R, Landt Y, Porter S, et al. (1997) Cardiac troponin I in pediatrics: normal values and potential use in the assessment of cardiac injury. J Pediatr 130: 872–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Holness R, Waxman K (1990) Diagnosis of traumatic cardiac contusion utilizing single photon-emission computed tomography. Crit Care Med 18: 1–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Howanitz EP, Buckley D, Galbraith TA, et al. (1990) Combined blunt traumatic rupture of the heart and aorta: two case reports and review of the literature. J Trauma 30: 506–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Huang P, Fong C, Rademaker A (1987) Prediction of traumatic aortic rupture from plain chest film findings using stepwise logistic regression. Ann Emerg Med 16: 1330–1333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hughes JP, Ruttley MS, Musumeci F (1994) Case report: traumatic aortic rupture: demonstration by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Radiol 67: 1264–1267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Huh J, Milliken JC, Chen JC (1997) Management of tracheobronchial injuries following blunt and penetrating trauma. Am Surg 63:896–899

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hunink MG, Bos JJ (1995) Triage of patients to angiography for detection of aortic rupture after blunt chest trauma: cost-effectiveness analysis of using CT. AJR 165:27–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Iannettoni MD, McCurry KR, Rodriguez JL, et al. (1994) Simultaneous traumatic ascending and descending thoracic aortic rupture. Ann Thorac Surg 57:481–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Ilia R, Goldfarb B, Wanderman KL, et al. (1992) Spontaneous closure of a traumatic ventricular septal defect after blunt trauma documented by serial echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 5: 203–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Illig KA, Swierzewski MJ, Feliciano DV, et al. (1991) A rational screening and treatment strategy based on the electrocardiogram alone for suspected cardiac contusion. Am J Surg 162: 537–543; discussion: 544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Ishikawa T, Nakajima Y, Kaji T (1989) The role of CT in traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta and its proximal branches. Semin Roentgenol 24: 38–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Jenson BP, Hoffman I, Follis FM, et al. (1993) Surgical repair of atrial septal rupture due to blunt trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 1172–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Johnson SB, Kearney PA, Smith MD (1995) Echocardiography in the evaluation of thoracic trauma. Surg Clin North Am 75: 193–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Johnston RH Jr, Wall MJ Jr, Mattox KL (1993) Innominate artery trauma: a thirty-year experience. J Vase Surg 17: 134–139; discussion: 139-140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Kang EY, Muller NL (1996) CT in blunt chest trauma: pulmonary, tracheobronchial, and diaphragmatic injuries. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 17: 114–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Karalis DG, Victor MF, Davis GA, et al. (1994) The role of echocardiography in blunt chest trauma: a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Trauma 36:53–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Kato K, Kushimoto S, Mashiko K, et al. (1994) Blunt traumatic rupture of the heart: an experience in Tokyo. J Trauma 36: 859–863; discussion: 863-864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Katz DS, Groskin SA (1993) Pulmonary artery laceration and tension pneumothorax in blunt chest trauma. J Thorac Imaging 8: 156–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Katz NM, Pallas RS (1986) Traumatic rupture of the tricuspid valve: repair by chordal replacements and annuloplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 91: 310–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Kawada T, Mieda T, Abe H, et al. (1990) Surgical experience with traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 31: 359–363

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kelly JP, Webb WR, Moulder PV, et al. (1985) Management of airway trauma. I. Tracheobronchial injuries. Ann Thorac Surg 40: 551–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kern MJ, Serota H, Callicoat P, et al. (1990) Use of coronary arteriography in the preoperative management of patients undergoing urgent repair of the thoracic aorta. Am Heart J 119: 143–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kleikamp G, Schnepper U, Kortke H, et al. (1992) Tricuspid valve regurgitation following blunt thoracic trauma. Chest 102: 1294–1296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kodali S, Jamieson WR, Leia-Stephens M, et al. (1991) Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. A 20-year review: 1969-1989. Circulation 84:11140–46

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kogutt MS (1981) “Rocker-bottom thymus”. A new sign of pneumomediastinum in the neonate. JAMA 246: 770–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kohli S, Saperia GM, Waksmonski CA, et al. (1988) Coronary artery dissection secondary to blunt chest trauma. Coronary artery dissection secondary to blunt chest trauma 15: 179–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Kuhlman JE, Pozniak MA, Collins J, et al. (1998) Radiographic and CT findings of blunt chest trauma: aortic injuries and looking beyond them. Radiographics 18: 1085–1106; discussion: 1107-1108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kumpe DA, Oh KS, Wyman SM (1970) A characteristic pulmonary finding in unilateral complete bronchial transection. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 110:704–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Lacombe P, Schnyder P (1991) Imaging of the chest: an update. In: Trauma of the chest. Syllabus. European Congress of Radiology, Vienna, pp 155–163

    Google Scholar 

  148. Lacqua MJ, Sahdev P (1994) Widened mediastinum in acute trauma: a complication of central venous catheterization. J Emerg Med 12: 607–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Langford RM, Ferris BD, Walker CR (1989) Tracheal shift in cervicothoracic dislocation. Injury 20: 237–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Le Bret F, Ruel P, Rosier H, et al. (1994) Diagnosis of traumatic mediastinal hematoma with transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 105: 373–376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Lee DW, Garnic JD, Barlow GC (1990) Acute anterior wall myocardial infarction secondary to blunt chest trauma-a case report. Angiology 41: 82–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Lee J, Harris JH Jr, Duke JH Jr, et al. (1997) Non-correlation between thoracic skeletal injuries and acute traumatic aortic tear. J Trauma 43: 400–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Lee VW, Allard JC, Berger P, et al. (1988) Right ventricular tardokinesis in cardiac contusion: a new observation on phase images. Radiology 167: 737–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Levin B (1973) The continuous diaphragm sign. A newly recognized sign of pneumomediastinum. Clin Radiol 24:337–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Levy-Ravetch M, AuhY H, Rubenstein WA, etal.(1985) CT of the pericardial recesses. AJR 144: 707–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Lewars MD, Perry NM (1990) ABC of major trauma. Radiological assessment II. BMJ 301: 861–864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lillard RL, Allen RP (1965) The extrapleural air sign in pneumomediastinum. Radiology 85: 1093–1098

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Loo GT, Siegel JH, Dischinger PC, et al. (1996) Airbag protection versus compartment intrusion effect determines the pattern of injuries in multiple trauma motor vehicle crashes. J Trauma 41: 935–951

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Macklin CC (1939) Transport of air along sheaths of pulmonic blood vessels from alveoli to mediastinum: clinical implications. Arch Intern Med 64: 913–926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Maenza RL, Seaberg D, D’Amico F (1996) A meta-analysis of blunt cardiac trauma: ending myocardial confusion. Am J Emerg Med 14: 237–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Mair P, Mair J, Roller J, et al. (1991) Cardiac troponin T in the diagnosis of heart contusion. Lancet 338: 693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Malangoni MA, McHenry CR, Jacobs DG (1994) Outcome of serious blunt cardiac injury. Surgery 116: 628–632; discussion: 632-633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Marin ML, Veith FJ, Panetta TF, et al. (1994) Transluminally placed endovascular stented graft repair for arterial trauma. J Vase Surg 20: 466–472; discussion: 472-473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Martinez MJ, Hotzman RS, Salcedo VM, et al. (1986) Successful repair of a transected intrathoracic trachea after chest trauma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 91: 307–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Marzelle J, Nottin R, Dartevelle P, et al. (1989) Combined ascending aorta rupture and left main bronchus disruption from blunt chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 47: 769–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Matthews RV, French WJ, Criley JM (1989) Chest trauma and subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms. Chest 95: 474–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. McCarthy MC, Pavlina PM, Evans DK, et al. (1991) The value of SPECT-thallium scanning in screening formyocardial contusion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 14: 238–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. McDonald ML, Orszulak TA, Bannon MP, et al. (1996) Mitral valve injury after blunt chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 61:1024–1029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. McKeown PP, Rosemurgy A, Conant P (1991) Blunt traumatic rupture of pulmonary vein, left atrium, and bronchus. Ann Thorac Surg 52: 1171–1172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. McLean RF, Devitt JH, McLellan BA, et al. (1992) Significance of myocardial contusion following blunt chest trauma. J Trauma 33: 240–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. McLean TR, Olinger GN, Thorsen MK (1991) Computed tomography in the evaluation of the aorta in patients sustaining blunt chest trauma. J Trauma 31: 254–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Mera F, Walter PF, Langberg JJ (1998) Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia as a result of blunt chest trauma. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 21: 2147–2148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Meredith HC, Anderson RJ, Vujic I (1981) Another look at the segmental air esophagogram. AJR 136: 23–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Miller FB, Richardson JD, Thomas HA, et al. (1989) Role of CT in diagnosis of major arterial injury after blunt thoracic trauma. Surgery 106: 596–602; discussion 602-603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Millham FH, Rajii-Khorasani A, Birkett DF, et al. (1991) Carinal injury: diagnosis and treatment: case report. J Trauma 31: 1420–1422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Mirvis SE (1997) Major vascular injury in trauma: influence of new technology. State of the art symposium: the acute trauma victim. Eur Radiol Suppl 7:278

    Google Scholar 

  177. Mirvis SE, Bidwell JK, Buddemeyer EU, et al. (1987) Value of chest radiography in excluding traumatic aortic rupture. Radiology 163: 487–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mirvis SE, Pais SO, Shanmuganathan K (1994) Atypical results of thoracic aortography performed to exclude aortic injury. Emerg Radiol 1: 24–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K, Buell J, et al. (1998) Use of spiral computed tomography for the assessment of blunt trauma patients with potential aortic injury. J Trauma 45: 922–930

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K, Miller BH, et al. (1996) Traumatic aortic injury: diagnosis with contrastenhanced thoracic CT: five-year experience at a major trauma center. Radiology 200: 413–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Morgan PW, Goodman LR, Aprahamian C, et al. (1992) Evaluation of traumatic aortic injury: does dynamic contrast-enhanced CT play a role? Radiology 182: 661–666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Moront M, Lefrak EA, Akl BF (1991) Traumatic rupture of the interventricular septum and tricuspid valve: case report. J Trauma 31: 134-136

    Google Scholar 

  183. Morse SS, Glickman MG, Greenwood LH, et al. (1988) Traumatic aortic rupture: false-positive aortographic diagnosis due to atypical ductus diverticulum. AJR 150: 793–796

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Moseley JE (1960) Loculated pneumomediastinum in the newborn. A thymic “spinnaker sail” sign. Radiology 75: 788–790

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Myers SI, Harward TR, Cagle L (1991) Isolated subclavian artery dissection after blunt trauma. Surgery 109: 336–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Naclerio EA (1957) The “V sign” in the diagnosis of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus (an early roentgen clue). Am J Surg 93: 291–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Norton MJ, Stanford GG, Weigelt JA (1990) Early detection of myocardial contusion and its complications in patients with blunt trauma. Am J Surg 160: 577–581; discussion: 581-582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Ovenfors CO, Hedgcock MW (1978) Intensive care unit radiology. Problems of interpretation. Radiol Clin North Am 16: 407–439 ai]189._Palder SB, Shandling B, Manson D (1991) Rupture of the thoracic trachea following blunt trauma: diagnosis by CAT scan. J Pediatr Surg 26: 1320–1322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Palder SB, Shandling B, Manson D (1991) Rupture of the thoracic trachea following blunt trauma: diagnosis by CAT scan. J Pediatr Surg 26: 1320–1322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Parker LA Jr, Delany D, Friday JM (1989) Oblique projections in aortography following blunt thoracic trauma. Can Assoc Radiol J 40: 172–173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Pate JW, Gavant ML, Weiman DS, et al. (1999) Traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus: program of selective management. World J Surg 23: 59–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Patel NH, Stephens KE Jr, Mirvis SE, et al. (1998) Imaging of acute thoracic aortic injury due to blunt trauma: a review. Radiology 209: 335–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Pearson GD, Karr SS, Trachiotis GD, et al. (1997) A retrospective review of the role of transesophageal echocardiography in aortic and cardiac trauma in a level-I pediatric trauma center. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10: 946–955

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Peitzman AB, Udekwu AO, Pevec W, et al. (1989) Transection of the inferior vena cava from blunt thoracic trauma: case reports. J Trauma 29: 534–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Perchinsky MJ, Long WB, Urman S, et al. (1994) “The broken halo sign”: a fractured calcified ring as an unusual sign of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Injury 25: 649–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Peterson AH, Williams DM, Rodriguez JL, et al. (1995) Percutaneous treatment of a traumatic aortic dissection by balloon fenestration and stent placement. AJR 164: 1274–1276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Petterson C, Deslauriers J, McClish A (1989) A classic image of complete right main bronchus avulsion. Chest 96: 1415–1417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Pevec WC, Udekwu AO, Peitzman AB (1989) Blunt rupture of the myocardium. Ann Thorac Surg 48: 139–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Pondaven E, Hanouz JL, Gerard JL, et al. (1998) Rupture traumatique du pericarde. Un diagnostic rare. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 17: 1243–1246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Pozzato C, Fedriga E, Donatelli F, et al. (1991) Acute posttraumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: the role of angiography in a 7-year review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 14: 338–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Prenger KB, Ophuis TO, Van Dantzig JM (1995) Traumatic tricuspid valve rupture with luxation of the heart. Ann Thorac Surg 59: 1524–1527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Pretre R, Faidutti B (1993) Surgical management of aortic valve injury after nonpenetrating trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 1426–1431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Rabinsky I, Sidhu GS, Wagner RB (1990) Mid-descending aortic traumatic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg 50: 155–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Ramzy Al, Rodriguez A, Turney SZ (1988) Management of major tracheobronchial ruptures in patients with multiple system trauma. J Trauma 28: 1353–1357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Raptopoulos V, Sheiman RG, Phillips DA, et al. (1992) Traumatic aortic tear: screening with chest CT. Radiology 182: 667–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Reeder LB, DeFilippi VJ, Ferguson MK (1995) Current results of therapy for esophageal perforation. Am J Surg 169: 615–617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Regel G, Sturm JA, Neumann C, et al. (1989) Occlusion of bronchopleural fistula after lung injury: a new treatment by bronchoscopy. J Trauma 29: 223–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Reif J, Justice JL, Olsen WR, et al. (1990) Selective monitoring of patients with suspected blunt cardiac injury. Ann Thorac Surg 50: 530–532; discussion: 533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Reissman P, Rivkind A, Jurim O, et al. (1992) Case report: the management of penetrating cardiac trauma with major coronary artery injury-is cardiopulmonary bypass essential? J Trauma 33: 773–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Richardson JD, McElvein RB, Trinkle JK (1975) First rib fracture: a hallmark of severe trauma. Ann Surg 181: 251–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Ring D, Vaccaro AR, Scuderi G, et al. (1995) Vertebral osteomyelitis after blunt traumatic esophageal rupture. Spine 20: 98–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Rizoli SB, Brenneman FD, Boulanger BR, et al. (1994) Blunt diaphragmatic and thoracic aortic rupture: an emerging injury complex. Ann Thorac Surg 58: 1404–1408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Rogers FB, Leavitt BJ (1997) Upper torso cyanosis: a marker for blunt cardiac rupture. Am J Emerg Med 15: 275–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Rollins RJ, Tocino I (1987) Early radiographic signs of tracheal rupture. AJR 148: 695–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Rosenbaum RC, Johnston GS (1986) Posttraumatic cardiac dysfunction: assessment with radionuclide ventriculography. Radiology 160: 91–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Rosenberg JM, Bredenberg CE, Marvasti MA, et al. (1989) Blunt injuries to the aortic arch vessels. Ann Thorac Surg 48: 508–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Rosenfeld DL, Cordell CE, Jadeja N (1990) Retrocardiac pneumomediastinum: radiographic finding and clinical implications. Pediatrics 85: 92–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Rossbach MM, Johnson SB, Gomez MA, et al. (1998) Management of major tracheobronchial injuries: a 28-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 65: 182–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Rothschild PA, Tarver RD, Boyko OB, et al. (1987) MR diagnosis of herniation of the left ventricle through a pericardial window. Comput Radiol 11: 15-20

    Google Scholar 

  220. Rothstein RJ, French RS, Mena I, et al. (1986) Myocardial contusion diagnosed by first-pass radionuclide angiography. Am J Emerg Med 4: 210–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Rozec B, Rigal JC, Leteurnier Y, et al. (1998) Hematome post-traumatique de Poesophage. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 17: 1160–1163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Sadow SH, Murray CA III, Wilson RF, et al. (1988) Traumatic rupture of ascending aorta and left main bronchus. Ann Thorac Surg 45: 682–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Saletta S, Lederman E, Fein S, et al. (1995) Transesophageal echocardiography for the initial evaluation of the widened mediastinum in trauma patients. J Trauma 39: 137–141; discussion: 141-142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Sandor F (1967) Incidence and significance of traumatic mediastinal haematoma. Thorax 22: 43–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Santavirta S, Arajarvi E (1992) Ruptures of the heart in seatbelt wearers. J Trauma 32: 275–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sanzone AG, Torres H, Doundoulakis SH (1995) Blunt trauma to the carotid arteries. Am J Emerg Med 13: 327–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Schnyder P, Chapuis L, Mayor B, et al. (1996) Helical CT angiography for traumatic aortic rupture: correlation with aortography and surgery in five cases. J Thorac Imaging 11: 39–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Schnyder P, Gamsu G, Essinger A, et al. (1992) Trauma of the chest, vol 1. Thorax and neck. In: Moss AA, Gamsu G, Genant HK (eds) Computed tomography of the body with magnetic resonance. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp 311–323

    Google Scholar 

  229. Schnyder P, Lacombe P (1991) Imaging of the chest: an update. In: Trauma of the chest. Syllabus. European Congress of Radiology, Vienna, pp 141–154

    Google Scholar 

  230. Scialdone CJ, Wagle W (1990) Intraspinal air: an unusual manifestation of blunt chest trauma. Clin Imaging 14:59–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Scorpio RJ, Wesson DE, Smith CR, et al. (1996) Blunt cardiac injuries in children: a postmortem study. J Trauma 41: 306–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Shively BK (1993) Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of aortic disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 14: 106–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Smith MD, Cassidy JM, Souther S, et al. (1995) Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. N Engl J Med 332: 356–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Song MH, Shimomura T, Tajima K, et al. (1998) Blunt cardiac trauma: successful repair of right atrium rupture. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 39: 473–474

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Soyer R, Bessou JP, Bouchart F, et al. (1992) Acute traumatic isthmic aortic rupture. Long-term results in 49 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 6: 431–436; discussion: 436-437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Spencer JA, Rogers CE, Westaby S (1991) Clinico-radiological correlates in rupture of the major airways. Clin Radiol 43: 371–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Stahl RD, Liu JC, Walsh JF (1997) Blunt cardiac trauma: atrioventricular valve disruption and ventricular septal defect. Ann Thorac Surg 64: 1466–1468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Stark P, Cook M, Vincent A, et al. (1987) Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. A review of 49 cases. Radiologe 27:402-406

    Google Scholar 

  239. Stark P, Jacobson F (1992) Radiology of thoracic trauma. Curr Opin Radiol 4: 87–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Strollo DC, Freling CB, Brower AC (1994) General case of the day. Chronic traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Radiographics 14: 1144–1146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Sturm JT, Hankins DG, Young G (1990) Thoracic aortography following blunt chest trauma. Am J Emerg Med 8: 92–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Sturm JT, Luxenberg MG, Moudry BM, et al. (1989) Does sternal fracture increase the risk for aortic rupture? Ann Thorac Surg 48: 697-698

    Google Scholar 

  243. Sturm JT, McGee MB, Luxenberg MG (1988) An analysis of risk factors for death at the scene following traumatic aortic rupture. J Trauma 28: 1578–1580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Sugimoto K, Asari Y, Hirata M, et al. (1998) The diagnostic problem associated with blunt traumatic azygous vein injury: delayed appearance of right haemothorax after blunt chest trauma. Injury 29: 380–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Sugita T, Watarida S, Katsuyama K, et al. (1997) Valve repair with chordal replacement for traumatic tricuspid regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 6: 651–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Swaanenburg JC, Klaase JM, Dejongste MJ, et al. (1998) Troponin I, troponin T, CKMB-activity and CKMB-mass as markers for the detection of myocardial contusion in patients who experienced blunt trauma. Clin Chim Acta 272: 171–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Swensen SJ, Peters SG, LeRoy AJ, et al. (1991) Radiology in the intensive-care unit. Mayo Clin Proc 66: 396–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Symbas PJ, Horsley WS, Symbas PN (1998) Rupture of the ascending aorta caused by blunt trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 66: 113–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Symbas PN, Justicz AG, Ricketts RR (1992) Rupture of the airways from blunt trauma: treatment of complex injuries. Ann Thorac Surg 54: 177–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Taliercio CP, Oh JK, Summerer MH, et al. (1988) Traumatic left ventricular false aneurysm with significant regurgitation from left ventricular outflow tract to left atrium: delineation by two-dimensional and color flow Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1: 354–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Taskinen SO, Salo JA, Halttunen PE, et al. (1989) Tracheobronchial rupture due to blunt chest trauma: a follow-up study. Ann Thorac Surg 48: 846–849

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Tassiopoulos AK, Carlin RE, Dibos L, et al. (1997) Cardiac rupture due to blunt trauma. South Med J 90: 740–742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Thomas P, Saux P, Lonjon T, et al. (1995) Diagnosis by video-assisted thoracoscopy of traumatic pericardial rupture with delayed luxation of the heart: case report. J Trauma 38: 967–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Timberlake GA, McSwain NE Jr (1988) Thromboembolism as a complication of myocardial contusion: a new capricious syndrome. J Trauma 28: 535–540

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Tocino I, Miller MH (1987) Computed tomography in blunt chest trauma. J Thorac Imaging 2: 45–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Toombs BD, Sandler CM, Lester RG (1981) Computed tomography of chest trauma. Radiology 140: 733–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Townsend RN, Colella JJ, Diamond DL (1990) Traumatic rupture of the aorta: critical decisions for trauma surgeons. J Trauma 30: 1169–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Trotter TH, Knott-Craig CJ, Ward KE (1998) Blunt injury rupture of tricuspid valve and right coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 66: 1814–1816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Uflacker R, Horn J, Philips G, et al. (1999) Intravascular sonography in the assessment of traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta. AJR 173: 665–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Unger JM, Schuchmann GG, Grossman JE, et al. (1989) Tears of the trachea and main bronchi caused by blunt trauma: radiologic findings. AJR 153: 1175–1180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Van Gelderen WF (1993) Stab wounds of the heart: two new signs of pneumopericardium. Br J Radiol 66: 794–796

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Van Gelderen WF, al-Hindawi M, Archibald CG (1996) Concomitant presentation and resolution of a post-traumatic pneumothorax and pneumopericardium. Australas Radiol 40: 450–451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Van Hise ML, Primack SL, Israel RS, et al. (1998) CT in blunt chest trauma: indications and limitations. Radiographics 18: 1071–1084

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Van Leeuwen JE, Broos PL, Rommens PM, et al. (1990) Combined blunt rupture of the diaphragm and thoracic aorta. Injury 21: 117–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Van Wijngaarden MH, Karmy-Jones R, Talwar MK, et al. (1997) Blunt cardiac injury: a 10 year institutional review. Injury 28: 51–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Vauthey JN, Lerut J, Laube M, et al. (1992) Blunt oesophageal perforation: treatment with surgical exclusion and percutaneous drainage under computed tomographic guidance. Eur J Surg 158: 509–510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Vignon P, Mentec H, Terre S, et al. (1994) Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic impact of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. ChestChest 106: 1829–1834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Vignon P, Rambaud G, Francois B, et al. (1998) Echocardiographie transoesophagienne pour le diagnostic des lésions traumatiques des grands vaisseaux intrathoraciques chez 150 patients: influence de la courbe d’apprentissage. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 17: 1206–1216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Vignon P, Rambaud G, Francois B, et al. (1998) Quantification of traumatic hemomediastinum using transesophageal echocardiography: impact on patient management. Chest 113: 1475–1480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Von Segesser LK, Fischer A, Vogt P, et al. (1997) Diagnosis and management of blunt great vessel trauma. J Card Surg 12: 181–186; discussion: 186-192

    Google Scholar 

  271. Voyce SJ, Ball SP, Gore JM, et al. (1991) Angiographically documented thrombotic coronary artery occlusion secondary to mild nonpenetrating thoracic trauma. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 24: 179–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Walker WA, Pate JW (1990) Medical management of acute traumatic rupture of the aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 50: 965–967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Wan YL, Tsai KT, Yeow KM, et al. (1997) CT findings of bronchial transection. Am J Emerg Med 15: 176–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Waxman K, Soliman MH, Braunstein P, et al. (1986) Diagnosis of traumatic cardiac contusion. Arch Surg 121: 689–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Weintraub AR, Erbel R, Gorge G, et al. (1994) Intravascular ultrasound imaging in acute aortic dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 495–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Weiss RL, Brier JA, O’Connor W, et al. (1996) The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosing cardiac contusions. Chest 109: 73–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Westaby S, Brayley N (1990) ABC of major trauma. Thoracic trauma I. BMJ 300: 1639–1643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Westaby S, Brayley N (1990) ABC of major trauma. Thoracic trauma II. BMJ 300: 1710–1712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Westaby S, Drossos G, Giannopoulos N (1995) Posttraumatic coronary artery aneurysm. Ann Thorac Surg 60: 712–713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. White CS, Templeton PA, Attar S (1993) Esophageal perforatiom-CT findings. AJR 160: 767–770281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. White RK, Morris DM (1992) Diagnosis and management of esophageal perforations. Am Surg 58: 112–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Wicky S, Capasso P, Meuli R, et al. (1998) Spiral CT aortography: an efficient technique for the diagnosis of traumatic aortic injury. Eur Radiol 8: 828–833

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Wilke A, Kruse T, Hesse H, et al. (1997) Papillary muscle injury after blunt chest trauma. J Trauma 43: 360–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Williams DM, Dake MD, Boiling SF, et al. (1993) The role of intravascular ultrasound in acute traumatic aortic rupture. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 14: 85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Williams DM, Simon HJ, Marx MV, et al. (1992) Acute traumatic aortic rupture: intravascular US findings. Radiology 182: 247–249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Williams HT, Miller JH (1988) Scintigraphy of major closed chest cardiac trauma in childhood. Pediatr Radiol 18: 74–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Williams JS, Graff JA, Uku JM, et al. (1994) Aortic injury in vehicular trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 57: 726–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Wintermark M, Wicky S, Schnyder P, et al. (1999) Blunt traumatic pneumomediastinum: using CT to reveal the Macklin effect. AJR 172: 129–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Wisner DH, Reed WH, Riddick RS (1990) Suspected myocardial contusion. Triage and indications for monitoring. Ann Surg 212: 82–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Woodring JH (1990) The normal mediastinum in blunt traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta and brachiocephalic arteries. J Emerg Med 8: 467–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Woodring JH, King JG (1989) The potential effects of radiographic criteria to exclude aortography in patients with blunt chest trauma. Results of a study of 32 patients with proved aortic or brachiocephalic arterial injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97: 456–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Wu MH, Tseng YL, Lin MY, et al. (1997) Surgical results of 23 patients with tracheobronchial injuries. Respirology 2: 127–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Max Wintermark, Stephan Wicky, Pierre Schnyder & Nicolas Theumann

  2. Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, University Hospital, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland

    Dominique Bettex

Authors
  1. Max Wintermark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephan Wicky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dominique Bettex
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pierre Schnyder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicolas Theumann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wintermark, M., Wicky, S., Bettex, D., Schnyder, P., Theumann, N. (2000). Trauma of the Mediastinum. In: Radiology of Blunt Trauma of the Chest. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57182-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57182-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63041-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-57182-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation