Abstract
Until recently, North America and Europe dominated the use of fossil fuels, resulting in strong carbon dioxide emissions and global warming [1]. The fossil energy-related CO2 release per capita in Asia is nearly an order of magnitude smaller than in North America and Europe [2]. However, Asia is catching up. About half of the world’s population lives in South and East Asia, and hence the potential for growing pollutant emissions is large. In China, many pollution sources reduce air quality [3–5]. In rural residential areas, notably in India, the burning of biofuels, such as wood, dung, and agricultural waste, is a major source of pollutants [6]. In urban areas, the increasing energy demand for industry and transport propels fossil fuel utilization [7].
This text was first published as: Lelieveld, J., P.J. Crutzen, M.O. Andreae, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, T. Campos, G.R. Cass, R.R. Dickerson, H. Fischer, J.A. de Gouw, A. Hansel, A. Jefferson, D. Kley, A.T.J. de Laat, S. Lal, M.G. Lawrence, J.M. Lobert, O. Mayol-Bracero, A.P. Mitra, T.Novakov, S.J. Oltmans, K.A. Prather, V. Ramanathan, T. Reiner, H. Rodhe, H.A. Scheeren, D. Sikka and J. Williams (2001) The Indian Ocean Experiment: Widespread air pollution from South and South-East Asia. Science 291, 1031–1036. The copyright belongs to the authors. We are grateful for the support by many funding agencies, notably the NSF, the Department of Energy, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Indian Space Research Organization, the European Union, the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, the Netherlands Supercomputing Facility, and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. We thank J. Olivier for his help with emission estimates (16, 39).
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References
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The Asian emissions of CO, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), NOx, and SO2 will strongly depend on the fuel mix used (coal, oil, and biofuels) and the efficiency of industrial and traffic emissions. Two-stroke engines, for example, which are widely used in India, burn at relatively low temperatures so that NO x emissions are limited and CO and NMHC emissions are large. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Emission Scenarios (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000)] estimates that CO2, CO, NOX, SO2, and NMHC emissions in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries will change from 2000 to 2020 by 2–24 %, −14 to 27 %, −13 to 30 %, −60 to −49 %, and −8 to 5 %, respectively (hence partly reductions), whereas in Asia, these emissions will grow by 41 to 104 %, 7 to 34 %, 50 to 81 %, 15 to 114 %, and 9 to 89 %, respectively.
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Lelieveld, J. et al. (2016). The Indian Ocean Experiment: Widespread Air Pollution from South and Southeast Asia. In: Crutzen, P., Brauch, H. (eds) Paul J. Crutzen: A Pioneer on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Change in the Anthropocene. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice(), vol 50. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27460-7_9
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