Abstract
CBDC could be a decentralized application (Dapp) if it is based on decentralized ledger technology (DLT), such as blockchain, but it is not yet standardized with a common language. Central banks, other supervisory agencies, international policymakers, industry, technology providers, and software developers use different terminology to describe CBDC, instigating ambiguities and mistakes in the CBDC understanding. This research aims to survey the key concepts by which CDBC operates and analyze the relationships between key concepts. The key concepts of CBDC design could be a blueprint and a research tool to promote dialog between scientific communities and practitioners, simplify the collaboration between researchers and policymakers, namely central banks and other regulators, industry, and software developers in CBDC Design and, improve the secure implementation of the CBDCs with a schematic representation of the actual knowledge of CBDC produced by researchers and practitioners.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rauchs, M., et al.: Distributed ledger technology systems: a conceptual framework. SSRN Electron. J. (2018)
Mills, D.C., et al.: Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing, and settlement. Financ. Econ. Discuss. Ser. 2016(095) (2016). https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2016.095. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2881204. Accessed 2 Aug 2021
Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., Scarfone, K.: Blockchain technology overview. National Institute of Standards and Technology, no. NISTIR 8202, p. 59 (2018). https://csrc.nist.gov/publications%0Ahttps://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Publications/nistir/8202/draft/documents/nistir8202-draft.pdf
Bech, M., Garratt, R.: Central bank cryptocurrencies (2017). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3041906. Accessed 18 Feb 2019
Reserve Bank of New Zealand, The Future of Money–Central Bank Digital Currency Te Moni Anamata, Central Bank of New Zealand, pp. 1–47, December 2021. https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/notes-and-coins/future-of-money/cbdc
Carstens, A.: Central bank digital currencies: putting a big idea into practice (2021). https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp210331.pdf
Shin, H.S.: Central bank digital currencies: an opportunity for the monetary system. BIS Annu. Gen. Meet. 948, 1–12 (2021)
Carvalho Silva, E., Mira da Silva, M.: Research contributions and challenges in DLT-based cryptocurrency regulation: a systematic map** study. J. Bank. Financ. Technol. 6, 63–82 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-021-00037-2
Carvalho Silva, E., Mira da Silva, M.: Motivations to regulate cryptocurrencies: a systematic literature review of stakeholders and drivers. Int. J. Blockchains Cryptocurrencies 2(4), 360 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbc.2021.120381
Kitchenham, B., Charters, S.: Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering (2007). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.117.471. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
Liberati, A., et al.: The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 151(4), e1–e34 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19631507/
CBDC Research Center, CBDC Research Center Overview and Conceptual Model, R3, pp. 39–49, March 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01759-0_3
Shoaib, M., Ilyas, M., Hayat Khiyal, M.S.: Official digital currency. In: 8th International Conference on Digital Information Management, ICDIM 2013, pp. 346–352 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDIM.2013.6693982
Han, X., Yuan, Y., Wang, F.Y.: A blockchain-based framework for central bank digital currency. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, SOLI 2019, pp. 263–268 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/SOLI48380.2019.8955032
Danezis, G., Meiklejohn, S.: Centrally Banked Cryptocurrencies (2015)
Duffie, J.D., Mathieson, K., Pilav, D.: Central bank digital currency: principles for technical implementation. SSRN Electron. J. 1–17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3837669
Grothoff, C., Moser, T.: How to issue a privacy-preserving central bank digital currency. SSRN Electron. J. (2021). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3965050
de V. Burgos, A., et al.: Distributed ledger technical research in Central Bank of Brazil, p. 32, August 2017. https://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/public/microcredito/Distributed_ledger_technical_research_in_Central_Bank_of_Brazil.pdf
B. of Thailand, Central Bank Digital Currency: The Future of Payments for Corporates (2021)
W. G. on E.-C. R. and D. of the P. B. of China, Progress of Research & Development of E-CNY in China (2021)
Riksbank, E-krona pilot Phase 1, p. 21 (2021). https://www.lifo.gr/now/greece/koronaios-metadidetai-kai-me-salio-kai-me-koytali-dilonei-i-epistimoniki-epitropi-toy
B. for I. S. BIS Innovation Hub and N. Swiss Bank, Project Helvetia: Settling tokenised assets in central bank money (2020)
**, S.Y., **a, Y.: CEV framework: a central bank digital currency evaluation and verification framework with a focus on consensus algorithms and operating architectures. IEEE Access 10, 63698–63714 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3183092
Saripalli, S.H.: Transforming Government banking by leveraging the potential of blockchain technology. J. Bank. Financ. Technol. 5(2), 135–142 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42786-021-00035-4
Bank of Thailand, Inthanon Phase I: An application of Distributed Ledger Technology for a Decentralised Real Time Gross Settlement system using Wholesale Central Bank Digital Currency (2018)
Han, J., et al.: Cos-CBDC: design and implementation of CBDC on Cosmos blockchain. In: 22nd Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium APNOMS 2021, pp. 303–308 (2021). https://doi.org/10.23919/APNOMS52696.2021.9562672
Abdulkader, O., Bamhdi, A.M., Thayananthan, V., Elbouraey, F.: IBMSDC: intelligent blockchain based management system for protecting Digital Currencies Transactions. In: Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems Security and Sustainability WorldS4 2019, pp. 363–367 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/WorldS4.2019.8904003
Sasongko, D.T., Yazid, S.: Integrated DLT and non-DLT system design for central bank digital currency. In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 171–176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3427423.3427447
Bhawana, Kumar, S.: Permission blockchain network based central bank digital currency. In: 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies, GUCON 2021, pp. 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/GUCON50781.2021.9574020
Wu, Y., Fan, H., Wang, X., Zou, G.: A regulated digital currency. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 62(3), 1–12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9611-3
Auer, R., Böhme, R.: The technology of retail central bank digital currency. SSRN, pp. 85–100, March 2020
Zhang, J., et al.: A hybrid model for central bank digital currency based on blockchain. IEEE Access 9, 53589–53601 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3071033
Bianco, S.D.: Central bank digital currency: towards a composable standards-based implementation. In: The Economics of Cryptocurrencies, pp. 77–82, November 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200427-13
F. G. D. C. including D. F. C. F.-D. ITU-T, Taxonomy and definition of terms for digital fiat currency (2019)
Lee, Y., Son, B., Park, S., Lee, J., Jang, H.: A survey on security and privacy in blockchain-based central bank digital currencies. J. Internet Serv. Inf. Secur. 11(3), 16–29 (2021). https://doi.org/10.22667/JISIS.2021.08.31.016
Yao, Q.: A systematic framework to understand central bank digital currency. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 61(8) (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-017-9294-5. Accessed 6 Feb 2019
C. for C. Markets, Digital Assets: a framework for regulation to maintain the United States’ status as an innovation leader, pp. 1–62 (2021)
Bianco, S.D.: Central bank digital currency opportunities, challenges and design. In: The Economics of Cryptocurrencies, pp. 77–82, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200427-13
Lannquist, A.: Central Banks and Distributed Ledger Technology: How are Central Banks Exploring Blockchain Today? World Econ. Forum, March 2019. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Central_Bank_Activity_in_Blockchain_DLT.pdf
Bech, M.: Payments without borders. BIS Q. Rev., no. March, pp. 53–65 (2020)
Pocher, N.: Towards CBDC-based machine-to-machine payments in consumer IOT, vol. 1, no. 212 (2022)
Franko, A., Olah, B., Sass, Z., Hegedus, C., Varga, P.: Towards CBDC-supported smart contracts for industrial stakeholders. In: Proceedings - 2022 IEEE 5th International Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, ICPS 2022 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS51978.2022.9816857
Digital Asset, The Digital Asset Platform Non-technical White Paper, Digit. Asset, pp. 1–29 (2016). https://hub.digitalasset.com/hubfs/Documents/DigitalAssetPlatform-Non-technicalWhite Paper.pdf
Goel, A.K., Bakshi, R., Agrawal, K.K.: Web 3.0 and Decentralized Applications (2022)
BIS, Central bank digital currencies: foundational principles and core features, vol. 1 (2020)
Avi, E., Gschwind, K., Monsalve, F., Urvantsev, V.: Partial anonymity in central bank digital currencies : a survey parameters of a CBDC, May 2021
Bank for International Settlements, Central bank digital currencies: system design and interoperability, vol. 2 (2021). www.bis.org
Gross, J., Sedlmeir, J., Babel, M., Bechtel, A., Schellinger, B.: Designing a central bank digital currency with support for cash-like privacy. SSRN Electron. J. (2021). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3891121
Jung, H., Jeong, D.: Blockchain implementation method for interoperability between CBDCs. Futur. Internet 13(5), 133 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13050133
Pocher, N., Veneris, A.: Privacy and transparency in CBDCs: a regulation-by-design AML/CFT scheme. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 19(2), 1776–1788 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3136984
Acknowledgment
The research work reported in this publication was supported by Fundação para Ciancia e Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology) of Portugal through the individual research grant SFRH/BD/151432/2021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Carvalho Silva, E., Mira da Silva, M. (2024). DLT-Based Central Bank Digital Currency Key Concepts. In: Rocha, A., Adeli, H., Dzemyda, G., Moreira, F., Colla, V. (eds) Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 802. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45651-0_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45651-0_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-45650-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-45651-0
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)