Abstract
This chapter focuses on education and moral training. As service members enter the military, training plays a vital role in instilling military cultural frameworks in cadets and academy students in an intense process of inculcating the warrior identity. Alongside intensive training on rules, norms, combat, and the like, ethics education and moral training find varied relevance. With deep roots in Christian theology, religion is not absent from such training, even if it remains implicit. This chapter investigates the historical just war tradition roots and overarching influence of Christianity in military ethics education and the differences between training provided to enlisted versus that of officers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Like the other service members and chaplains, I assigned a pseudonym to the professor for the sake of confidentiality.
- 3.
See for instance Operational Law Handbook 2010, p. 38, that calls out and condemns a “just following orders” defense—likely as a specific response to situations like the My Lai Massacre or more recent atrocities like the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse crimes in the early years of the Global War on Terror.
- 4.
Ch. Fischer requested that his presentation not be reproduced, so what follows is a description of his approach instead.
- 5.
WHINSEC is a DoD educational institute overseen by the US Army. In addition to US military officer training, the institute also provides training for over thirty countries of the Western Hemisphere.
Bibliography
Argetsinger, A. (1996, April 14). Naval Academy Charts New Moral Course. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/04/14/naval-academy-charts-new-moral-course/6558aa47-4f63-4bf2-a704-941aa843fb65/
Augustine of Hippo. (1984). Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans (H. Bettenson, Trans.). Penguin.
Beauchamp, S. (2015, January 23). Abolish West Point -- and the Other Service Academies, Too. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-we-dont-need-west-point/2015/01/23/fa1e1488-a1ef-11e4-9f89-561284a573f8_story.html#:~:text=But%20graduates%20of%20the%20academies,who%20want%20an%20officer’s%20commission.
Behn, B. A. (2018). The Stakes Are High: Ethics Education at US War Colleges. Air University Press.
Bell, A. (2014). Leashing the “Dogs of War”: Examining the Effects of LOAC Training at the U.S. Military Academy and in Army ROTC. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 108, 370–373.
Brinsfield, J. W. (1997). Encouraging Faith, Serving Soldiers: A History of the U.S. Army Chaplaincy, 1975–1995. Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Dept. of the Army.
Carrick, D. (2008). The Future of Ethics Education in the Military: A Comparative Analysis. In P. Robinson, N. D. Lee, & D. Carrick (Eds.), Ethics Education in the Military (pp. 187–198). Ashgate Pub. Company.
Castro, C. A., & McGurk, D. (2007). Battlefield Ethics. Traumatology, 13(4), 24–31.
Clark, T. M. (2004). Moral Development at the United States Naval Academy: The Midshipman’s Perspective (Doctoral dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School, September 2004). Dudley Knox Library.
Cook, M. L. (2008). Ethics Education, Ethics Training, and Character Development: Who ‘Owns’ Ethics in the US Air Force Academy? In P. Robinson, N. D. Lee, & D. Carrick (Eds.), Ethics Education in the Military (pp. 57–65). Ashgate Pub. Company.
Cooper, H., & Schmitt, E. (2021, February 25). U.S. Attacks in Syria Target Iran-Backed Militias That Rocketed American Troops in Iraq. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/25/us/politics/biden-syria-airstrike-iran.html
Crawford, N. C. (2003). Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War. Perspectives on Politics, 1(1), 5–25.
Crawford, N. C. (2013). Accountability for Killing: Moral Responsibility for Collateral Damage in America’s Post-9/11 Wars. Oxford University Press.
Dewey, J. (1922). Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology. Henry Holt & Company.
Dierker, G. J. (1997). Core Values: A History of Values-Related Initiatives in the Air Force (Doctoral dissertation, Air University, September 1997). Defense Technical Information Center.
Finnis, J. (1996). Catholic Natural Law Tradition. In T. Nardin (Ed.), The Ethics of War and Peace (pp. 15–39). Princeton University Press.
Forde, S. (1998). Hugo Grotius on Ethics and War. The American Political Science Review, 92, 639–648.
Forell, G. W., & Childs, J. M. (2013). Christian Social Teachings: A Reader in Christian Social Ethics from the Bible to the Present. Fortress Press.
Grossman, D. (1996). On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Little, Brown.
Hartle, A. E. (2004). Moral Issues in Military Decision Making. University Press of Kansas.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. Basic Books.
Lifton, R. J., & Markusen, E. (1990). Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat. Basic Books.
MacIntyre, A. (2007). After Virtue (3rd ed.). University of Notre Dame Press.
McMahan, J. (2009). Killing in War. Oxford University Press.
Orend, B. (2006). The Morality of War. Broadview Press.
Rowell, G. B., IV. (2013). Marine Corps Values-Based Ethics Training: A Recipe to Reduce Misconduct (Master’s thesis, U.S. Army War College, 2013). Strategy Research Project.
Scott, W. (1847). Imprenta de la Calle de la Carniceria. General Order, 20.
Simon, H. (2018). The Myth of Liberum Ius ad Bellum: Justifying War in 19th-Century Legal Theory and Political Practice. The European Journal of International Law, 29(1), 113–136.
Swidler, A. (1986, April). Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273–286.
Taylor, T. (1973). Foreword. In L. Friedman (Ed.), The Law of War: A Documentary History. Random House.
Thompson, M. M., & Jetly, R. (2018). Battlefield Ethics Training: Integrating Ethical Scenarios in High-Intensity Field Exercises. In Moral Decisions and Military Mental Health (Vol. STO-TR-HFM-179, pp. 8-1–8-15). NATO Science and Technology Organization.
Tuck, R. (2001). The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant. Oxford University Press.
Waggoner, E. (2014, September). Taking Religion Seriously in the U.S. Military: The Chaplaincy as a National Strategic Asset. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 82(3), 702–735.
Walzer, M. (2006). Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (4th ed.). Basic Books.
Walzer, M. (2010). The Triumph of Just War Theory (and the Dangers of Success). In R. Wertheimer (Ed.), Empowering Our Military Conscience: Transforming Just War Theory and Military Moral Education (pp. 15–32). Taylor & Francis Group.
Wead, S. (2014). The Evolution of Military Ethics in the United States Army. Retrieved from https://www.cgscfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Wead-EvolutionofMilitaryEthics.pdf
Wertheimer, R. (2010). Introduction: A Great Awakening. In R. Wertheimer (Ed.), Empowering Our Military Conscience: Transforming Just War Theory and Military Moral Education (pp. 1–11). Taylor & Francis Group.
Williams, H. (1995). Judgments on War: A Response. In H. Robinson (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress (Vol. 1, Part 3, p. 1393). Marquette University Press.
Wilson, J. (2008). An Ethics Curriculum for an Evolving Army. In P. Robinson, N. De Lee, & D. Carrick (Eds.), Ethics Education in the Military (pp. 31–41). Ashgate Pub. Company.
Winerip, M. (2013, May 13). Revisiting the Military’s Tailhook Scandal. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/booming/revisiting-the-militarys-tailhook-scandal-video.html
Wogaman, J. P. (1993). Christian Ethics: A Historical Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press.
Wolfendale, J. (2008). What Is the Point of Teaching Ethics in the Military. In P. Robinson, N. D. Lee, & D. Carrick (Eds.), Ethics Education in the Military (pp. 161–174). Ashgate Pub. Company.
Wood, D. B. (2016). What Have We Done: The Moral Injury of Our Longest Wars. Little, Brown and Company.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suitt, III, T.H. (2023). Christian Influence and Variation in Military Ethics Education. In: Narratives of Trauma and Moral Agency among Christian Post-9/11 Veterans. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31082-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31082-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-31081-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-31082-9
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)