Abstract
Precision medicine is anticipated as the emerging approach to medicine that will make more effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, by develo** a “deep understanding” of patients’ genetic and genomic information, thereby moving away from the current “one-size-fits-all” treatment. Since the launch of the Precision Medicine Initiative in 2015 by the Obama administration, the United States, along with countries including Canada, the United Kingdom, and Estonia is working towards a precision medicine priority through the development of national biobanks that are essential components for providing the “big data.” National biobanks are critical for different countries as they not only collect valuable data and biological samples but also add to the critical knowledge that can impact the needed understanding for the success of PM. As such most countries are in this race to implement a PM initiative. Although, PM is held at a high esteem as the innovative technology in healthcare, it has been argued that implementing PM into routine clinical setting will need to address considerable challenges that include addressing ethical issues and making sure PM research and technology is equitable and aligned with the needs of the global population. This chapter gives an overview of PM, and the anticipated issues.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aceti, A. 2016. Pharmacogenomics for infectious diseases. Journal of Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis 5 (1): 1–2.
Adams, S.A., and Carolyn Petersen. 2016. Precision medicine: Opportunities, possibilities, and challenges for patients and providers. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23 (4): 787–790.
Armstrong, J., et al. 2015. American BRCA outcomes and utilization of testing (ABOUT) study: A pragmatic research model that incorporates personalized medicine/patient-centered outcomes in a real world setting. Journal of Genetic Counseling 24: 18–28.
Aronson, Samuel J., and Heidi L. Rehm. 2015. Building the foundation for genomics in precision medicine. Nature 526: 336–342.
Beery, T.A., and Carolyn R. Smith. 2011. Genetics/genomics advances to influence care for patients with chronic disease. Rehabilitation Nursing: The Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses 36 (2): 54–61.
Blackburn, D. 2019. NEJM abstract: The “All of Us” research program. FedHealthIt. Retrieved from: https://www.fedhealthit.com/2019/08/nejm-abstract-the-all-of-us-research-program/.
Blasimme, A., and Effy Vayena. 2016. Becoming partners, retaining autonomy: Ethical considerations on the development of precision medicine. BMC Medical Ethics 17: 1–8.
Bledsoe, M.J. 2017. Ethical legal and social issues of Biobanking: Past, present, and future. Biopreservation and Biobanking 15 (2): 142–147.
Branković, I., Jelena Malogajski, and Servaas A. Morré. 2014. Biobanking and translation of human genetics and genomics for infectious diseases. Applied & Translational Genomics 3: 30–35.
Bunton, Robin, and Lesley Jones. 2010. Visions of the public and private in public health genomics: The case of a nascent Australian biobank. New Genetics and Society 29 (4): 413–429.
Chenoweth, M.J., et al. 2020. Global pharmacogenomics within precision medicine: Challenges and opportunities. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 107 (1): 1–8.
Etchegary, H. 2015. Community engagement with genetics: Public perceptions and expectations about genetics research. Health Expectations 18 (5): 1413–1425.
Chin, William Wei Lim, et al. 2016. Ethics reporting in biospecimen and genetic research: Current practice and suggestions for changes. Plos Biology 14 (8): 1–6.
Chow-White, P.A., et al. 2015. From the bench to the bedside in the big data age: Ethics and practices of consent and privacy for clinical genomics and personalized medicine. Ethics and Information Technology 17 (3): 189–200.
Collins, F.S., and Harold Varmus. 2015. A new initiative on precision medicine. The New England Journal of Medicine 372 (9): 793–795.
Costa, F. 2014. Big data in biomedicine. Drug Discovery Today 19: 433–440.
Daly, A.K. 2013. Pharmacogenomics of adverse drug reactions. Daly Genome Medicine 5 (5): 1–12.
Demir, Ipek, and Madeleine J. Murtagh. 2013. Data sharing across biobanks: Epistemic values, data mutability and data incommensurability. New Genetics and Society 32 (4): 350–365.
Denny, J.C., et al. 2019. The “All of US” research program. The New England Journal of Medicine 381 (7): 668–676.
Dove, E.S. 2015. Biobanks, data sharing, and the drive for a global privacy governance framework. Privacy Laws and International Biobank Research 43: 675–689.
Dressler, L.G., et al. 2014. Genomics education for the public: Perspectives of genomic researchers and ELSI advisors. Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 18 (3): 131–140.
Dua, J., et al. 2011. Pharmacogenomics- a boon for chronic diseases. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2 (2): 423–430.
Duffy, D.J. 2016. Problems, challenges and promises: Perspectives on precision medicine. Briefings in Bioinformatics 17 (3): 494–504.
Elger, Bernice S., and Arthur L. Caplan. 2006. Consent and anonymization in research involving biobanks: Differing terms and norms present serious barriers to an international framework. European Molecular Biology Organization 7 (7): 661–666.
Fletcher, Amy. 2008. Governing DNA: Prospects and problems in the proposed large-scale United States population cohort study. In Biobanks: Governance in comparative perspective, ed. Herbert Gottweis and Alan Peterson. New York: Routledge.
Fradkin, J.E., Mary C. Hanlon, and Griffin P. Rodgers. 2016. NIH precision medicine initiative: Implications for diabetes research. Diabetes Care 39 (7): 1080–1084.
Frizzo-Barker, J., et al. 2016. Genomic big data and privacy: Challenges and opportunities for precision medicine. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 25 (2–3): 115–136.
Godman, B., et al. 2013. Personalizing health care: Feasibility and future implications. BMC Medicine 11 (79): 1–23.
Gottweis, Herbert. 2008. New strategies in the governance of life. In Biobanks: Governance in comparative perspective, ed. Herbert Gottweis and Alan Peterson. New York: Routledge.
Gottweis, Herbert, and Alan Petersen, eds. 2008. Biobanks: Governance in comparative perspective. New York: Routledge.
Harris, Jennifer R., et al. 2012. Toward a roadmap in global biobanking for health. European Journal of Human Genetics 20: 1105–1111.
Hawkins, A.K., and K. O’Doherty. 2010. Biobank governance: A lesson in trust. New Genetics & Society 29 (3): 311–327.
Huppertz, Berthold, and Andreas Holzinger. 2014. Biobanks – A source of large biological data sets: Open problems and future challenges. In Knowledge discovery and data mining, 317–330. Berlin: Springer.
Iriart, J.A.B. 2019. Precision medicine/personalized medicine: A critical analysis of movements in the transformation of biomedicine in the early 21st century. Cad Saúde Pública 35 (3): 1–13.
Javitt, Gail H. 2013. Take another little piece of my Heart1: Regulating the research use of human biospecimens. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41: 424–439.
Joly, Yann, et al. 2014. The ethical framing of personalized medicine. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 14 (5): 404–408.
Kaufman, D.J., et al. 2016. A survey of U.S adults’ opinions about conduct of a Nationwide Precision Medicine Initiative® Cohort study of genes and environment. PLos One 11 (8): 1–14.
Kaye, J., et al. 2010. Ethical implications of the use of whole genome methods in medical research. European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (4): 398–403.
Lucero, J., and Y. Roubideaux. 2020. Holding space for all of us. American Medical Association Journal of Ethics 22 (10): E882–E887.
Mann, D.L., and L. Kristin Newby. 2016. Will the precision medicine initiative transform cardiovascular translational research? Basic to Translational Science 1 (4): 1–2.
Martin-Sanchez, F., and K. Verspoor. 2014. Big data in medicine is driving big changes. IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 9: 14–20.
Maschke, Karen J. 2005. Navigating an ethical patchwork—Human gene banks. Nature Biotechnology 23 (5): 539–545.
Maschke, Karen J. 2008. Biobanks: DNA and Research. In From birth to death and bench to clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book for Journalists, Policymakers, and Campaigns, ed. Mary Crowley. Garrison: The Hastings Center.
Mayrhofer, Michaela. 2008. Patient organizations as the (un)usual suspects: The biobanking activities of the Association Fracaise contre les Myopathies and its Genethon DNA and Cell Bank. In Biobanks: Governance in comparative perspective, ed. Herbert Gottweis and Alan Peterson. New York: Routledge.
McArthur, A.G., and Kara K. Tsang. 2017. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in the genomic age. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1388: 78–91.
McGonigle, I. 2021. National Biobanking in Qatar and Israel: Tracing how global scientific institutions mediate local ethnic identities. Science, Technology & Society 26 (1): 146–165.
McInerney, J.D. 2002. Education in a genomic world. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27 (3): 369–390.
Meslin, Eric M., and Ibrahim Garba. 2011. Biobanking and public health: Is a human rights approach the tie that binds? Human Genetics 130: 451–463.
Mirnezami, Reza, et al. 2012. Preparing for precision medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 366: 489–491.
NIH. 2015. Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) working group report to the advisory committee to the director, 1–108. National Institute of Health.
———. 2017. What is precision medicine? – Genetics home reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved From: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/precisionmedicine/definition.
Olson, J.E., et al. 2014. Biobanks and personalized medicine. Clinical Genetics 86: 50–55.
Parens, E. 2015. Drifting away from informed consent in the era of personalized medicine. Hastings Center Report 45 (4): 16–20.
Parikh, Ravi B., J. Sanford Schwartz, and Amol S. Navathe. 2017. Beyond genes and molecules – A precision delivery initiative for precision medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 376 (17): 1609–1612.
“Precision Medicine.” 2017. Congressional digest 96 (2): 3–4. Retrieved from: http://search.ebscohost.com.authenticate.library.duq.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=afh&AN=120915756&site=ehost-live.
Rayan, R.A. 2020. E-health opportunities for the low and middle-income countries. Global Journal of Public Health Medicine 2 (Special Issue 1): 158–163.
Rose, N. 2013. Personalized medicine: Promises, problems and perils of a new paradigm for healthcare. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 77: 341–352.
Scott, R.J., et al. 2014. Emerging issues in public health genomics. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 15: 461–480.
Stevens, Hallam. 2015. The politics of sequence: Data sharing and the open source software movement. Information & Culture 50 (4): 465–503.
Sabatello, M., and Paul S. Appelbaum. 2016. Raising genomic citizens: Adolescents and the return of secondary genomic findings. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2 (292): 292–308.
Scheen, André J. 2016. Precision medicine: The future in diabetes care? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 117: 12–21.
Schwab, Abraham P., Barbara Brenner, Joseph Goldfarb, Rochelle Hirschhorn, and Sean Philpott. 2013. Biobanks and the human microbiome. In The human microbiome: Ethical, legal and social concerns, ed. Rosamond Rhodes, Nada Gligorov, and Abraham Paul Schwab. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shah, Svati H., et al. 2016. Opportunities for the cardiovascular community in the precision medicine initiative. Circulation 133: 226–231.
Śliwczynski, A., and Ewa Orlewska. 2016. Precision medicine for managing chronic diseases. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 126 (9): 681–687.
Stoeklé, H.C., et al. 2017. Molecular tumor boards: Ethical issues in the new era of data medicine. Science and Engineering Ethics 24: 1–16.
Tigard, D. 2019. Changing the mindset for precision medicine: From incentivized Biobanking models to genomic data. Genetics Research 101 (e10): 1–4.
Tutton, Richard. 2010. Biobanking: Social, political and ethical aspects. In Encyclopedia of life Sciences, 1–7. Wiley.
Twilt, M. 2016. Precision medicine: The new era in medicine. Ebiomedicine 4: 24–25.
Wang, Zheng-Guo, Liang Zhang, and Wen-Jun Zhao. 2016. Definition and application of precision medicine. Chinese Journal of Traumatology 19 (5): 249–250.
Zawati, Ma’n H. 2014. There will be sharing: Population biobanks, the duty to inform and the limitations of the individualistic conception of autonomy. Health Law Journal 21 (2014): 97–141.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sarwar, E. (2023). The Emerging Field of Precision Medicine – The New Paradigm for Healthcare. In: Global Perspectives on Precision Medicine. Advancing Global Bioethics, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28593-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28593-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28592-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28593-6
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)