Abstract
Due to the concerns over the generation of greenhouse gasses in power systems and also financial priorities in delivering reliable energy to customers at different levels, optimal scheduling of local energy resources in residential buildings seems to be vital. Optimal scheduling of local renewable and nonrenewable energy sources along with develo** proper uncertainty management tools ensures delivery of clean and cost-efficient energy to the customers, e.g., buildings. This chapter proposes an optimization framework with a robust uncertainty management model (RUMM) for optimal uncertainty-based scheduling of local energy resources while sneering reliable energy delivered to controllable and uncontrollable electricity, heat, and cooling loads in a residential building. The proposed model seeks to coordinate the operation of electricity, cooling, and heating sectors in order to minimize the daily operation cost of the building while mitigating the negative impact of uncertainty. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved using CPLEX in general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) package. Simulations results show that in the optimistic case of uncertainty, the operator of the building can manage the operation of local energy supply sources to get opportunities for further cost reduction in supplying energy to the building. Moreover, in the pessimistic case of uncertainty, the operator can make proper decisions to make the operation of the building robust enough against the uncertainty.
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Abbreviations
- RUMM:
-
Robust uncertainty management model
- MNLP:
-
Mixed-integer linear programming
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic
- WT:
-
Wind turbine
- RER:
-
Renewable energy resources
- CHP:
-
Combined heat and power
- CCHP:
-
Combined cooling, heat, and power
- FTL:
-
Following thermal load
- FEL:
-
Following electrical load
- COP:
-
Coefficient of performance
- BES:
-
Battery energy storage
- EV:
-
Electric vehicle
- DER:
-
Distributed energy resource
- DRP:
-
Demand response program
- IGDT:
-
Information gap decision theory
- ROA:
-
Robust optimization approach
- DA:
-
Day-ahead
- RT:
-
Real-time
- EHP:
-
Electric heat pump
- AC:
-
Absorption chiller
- EC:
-
Electric chiller
- GB:
-
Gas boiler
- h :
-
Index of time
- λ h :
-
Electricity price at time h
- β :
-
Gas price at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{Uncontrallable}} \) :
-
Uncontrollable electrical load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_h^{\mathrm{Uncontrallable}} \) :
-
Uncontrollable heating load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_h^{\mathrm{Uncontrallable}} \) :
-
Uncontrollable cooling load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{Net}} \) :
-
Maximum limit for network power
- \( {\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{Net}} \) :
-
Maximum limit for network gas
- \( {\mathrm{P}}^{{\mathrm{CHP}}_{\mathrm{A}}},\dots, {\mathrm{P}}^{{\mathrm{CHP}}_{\mathrm{F}}} \) :
-
Feasible power operation region of CHP
- \( {\mathrm{H}}^{{\mathrm{CHP}}_{\mathrm{A}}},\dots, {\mathrm{H}}^{{\mathrm{CHP}}_{\mathrm{F}}} \) :
-
Feasible heat operation region of CHP
- M:
-
Large positive coefficient
- η e, CHP :
-
Electrical efficiency of CHP
- η PV :
-
Efficiency of PV
- APV:
-
Installation space of PV
- \( {\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{PV}} \) :
-
Solar irradiance at time h
- η GB :
-
Efficiency of GB
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{GB}} \) :
-
Maximum produced heat by GB
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{dch},\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Maximum discharging power of BES
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{ch},\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Maximum charging power of BES
- \( {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{Min}}^{\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Minimum energy of BES
- \( {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Maximum energy of BES
- η ch, BES :
-
Charging efficiency of BES
- η dch, BES :
-
Discharging efficiency of BES
- φ Loss, BES :
-
Energy loss coefficient of BES
- \( {\mathrm{E}}_0^{\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Initial energy of BES
- COPEC:
-
Coefficient of performance of EC
- COPAC:
-
Coefficient of performance of AC
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{EC}} \) :
-
Maximum produced cooling by EC
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{AC}} \) :
-
Maximum produced cooling by AC
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Min}}^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Minimum produced cooling by EHP
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Maximum produced cooling by EHP
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{Min}}^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Minimum produced heat by EHP
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Maximum produced heat by EHP
- COPEHP, cool:
-
Performance coefficient of EHP in cooling mode
- COPEHP, heat:
-
Performance coefficient of EHP in heating mode
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{Total}}^{\mathrm{Contrallable}} \) :
-
Total heat consumed by heating controllable load
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Total}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{ontrallable}} \) :
-
Total cooling consumed by cooling controllable load
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{Min}}^{\mathrm{Contrallable}} \) :
-
Minimum heat by consumed heating controllable load
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{Contrallable}} \) :
-
Maximum heat by consumed heating controllable load
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Min}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{ontrallable}} \) :
-
Minimum cooling consumed by heating controllable load
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Max}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{ontrallable}} \) :
-
Maximum cooling consumed by heating controllable load
- NON/OFF:
-
Number of times the ON/OFF load is ON
- PON/OFF:
-
Power consumed by ON/OFF load
- cost:
-
Total operation cost of building
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{Net}} \) :
-
Purchased power from the network by building at time h
- \( {\mathrm{G}}_h^{\mathrm{Net}} \) :
-
Purchased gas from the network by building at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{CHP}} \) :
-
Produced power by CHP at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{dch},\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Discharging power of BES at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{ch},\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Charging power of BES at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{ON}/\mathrm{OFF}} \) :
-
Consumed power by ON/OFF load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{EC}} \) :
-
Consumed power by EC at time h
- \( {\mathrm{P}}_h^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Consumed power by EHP at time h
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_h^{\mathrm{CHP}} \) :
-
Produced heat by CHP at time h
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_h^{\mathrm{GB}} \) :
-
Produced heat by GB at time h
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_h^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Produced heat by EHP at time h
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_h^{\mathrm{Contrallable}} \) :
-
Consumed heat by heating controllable load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{H}}_h^{\mathrm{AC}} \) :
-
Consumed heat by AC load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_h^{\mathrm{EC}} \) :
-
Produced cooling by EC at time h
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_h^{\mathrm{AC}} \) :
-
Produced cooling by AC at time h
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_h^{\mathrm{EHP}} \) :
-
Produced cooling by EHP at time h
- \( {\mathrm{C}}_h^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{ontrallable}} \) :
-
Consumed cooling by cooling controllable load at time h
- \( {\mathrm{G}}_h^{\mathrm{CHP}} \) :
-
Consumed gas by CHP at time h
- \( {\mathrm{G}}_h^{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}} \) :
-
Consumed gas by G at time h
- \( {\mathrm{E}}_h^{\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Energy of BES at time h
- \( {\mathrm{E}}_h^{\mathrm{Loss},\mathrm{BES}} \) :
-
Energy loss of BES at time h
- \( {b}_h^{\mathrm{CHP},1} \) :
-
Binary variable for the operation of CHP in operation region 1 at time h
- \( {b}_h^{\mathrm{CHP},2} \) :
-
Binary variable for the operation of CHP in operation region 2 at time h
- \( {b}_h^{\mathrm{CHP}} \) :
-
Binary variable for the operation of CHP at time t
- \( {b}_h^{\mathrm{EHP},\mathrm{cool}} \) :
-
Binary variable for the operation of EHP in cooling mode at time h
- \( {b}_h^{\mathrm{EHP},\mathrm{heat}} \) :
-
Binary variable for the operation of the EHP in heating mode at time h
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Mirzapour-Kamanaj, A., Talebi, A., Zare, K., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. (2022). Optimal Energy Management of Residential Buildings to Supply Controllable and Uncontrollable Loads Under Uncertainty. In: Sadat-Mohammadi, M., Nazari-Heris, M., Asadi, S., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., Jebelli, H. (eds) Renewable Energy for Buildings. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08732-5_5
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