Abstract
The labor force was an extremely important problem in the time of modern socialized mass production. Competent operators were needed to run the machinery to produce cheaper and higher-quality products. This would ensure industry remained unbeatable amid the fierce market competition and remained highly efficient in modern society. The Westernization Group had the following views regarding sources of labor, formulation of wage standards, and management of labor.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Chen, C. (1997). Chenchi Ji, **de Yangmin Shuo (Chen Chi Works▪ On Nature Cultivation for Nourishing People, 陈炽集·进德养民说). Bei**g: Zhonghua Book Company, pp. 228–229.
- 2.
Zhong Fanggong Yishi (Anecdotes of Nie Zhongfang, 仲芳公逸事). As cited in Gu**, Banyuekan (Ancient and Modern Semimonthly, Vol. 36, 古今半月刊, 第36期), p. 14.
- 3.
Zheng, G. (1982). Zheng Guanying Ji, Yuqiu, Shangce (Zheng Guanying Works • Inmates, Vol. 1, 郑观应集·狱囚, 上册). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, pp. 505–507.
- 4.
Chen, C. (1997). Chenchi Ji, Zhidao Zhigong Shuo (Chen Chi Works▪ on Workers for Repairing Roads, 陈炽集·治道之工说). Bei**g: Zhonghua Book Company, p. 227.
- 5.
(1885, Dec 24). **g Bao (Peking Gazette, 京报).
- 6.
Zhang, S. (1899). Zhang **gdagong Zouyi, Juanwu (Reform Proposals of Zhang **gda, Vol.5, 张靖达公奏议, 卷5), p. 12.
- 7.
Zuo, Z. Zuo Wenxianggong Shudu, Juanshisan (Complete Works of Zuo Wenxiang, Letters, Vol. 13, 左文襄公书牍, 卷13), p. 40.
- 8.
Ding, B. Ding Wenchenggong Yiji, Zougao, Juanshiqi (Drafts of Ding Wencheng,, Vol. 17, 丁文诚公遗集·奏稿, 卷17), p. 39.
- 9.
(1885, Dec 24). **g Bao (China Gazette, 京报).
- 10.
Zhang, Z. Zhang Wenxianggong Quanji, Zouyi, Juansanshisan (Collected Works of Zhang Wenxiang ▪ Memorials, Vol. 33, 张文襄公全集·奏议, 卷33), p. 16.
- 11.
** Kuangwu Chuangban Zhangcheng Anju Huibian (Collection of Kai** Mining Founding Regulations Basis,
), p. 28. As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji **ace (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1233.
- 16.
Kai** Kuangwu Chuangban Zhangcheng Anju Huibian (Collection of Kai** Mining Founding Regulations Basis,
), p. 41. As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji **ace (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1233.
- 17.
Jie Bao Juanershiqi (China Gazette, Vol. 27, 捷报, 卷27), p. 516.
- 18.
Zhong, T. Yuezu Ji, Dainibing Lijuexiang Caiche Jiqiju Tiaoyi (Zhong’s Righteous Words· Discussion on Dissolving Machine Bureau as Reported to Li Jue, 刖足集·代拟禀**爵相裁撤机器局条议).
- 19.
(1878). Yinglingshi Shangwu Baogao (Business Report of Britain Consul, 英领事商务报告), pp. 143–145, As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji **ace (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1,
). Bei**g: Science Press, pp. 1217–1218.
- 20.
Jiangnan Zhizao Zongju Ji, Juansi (Notes of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Vol. 4, 江南制造总局记, 卷4), pp. 20–21.
- 21.
Sha, J. (1895) Zhongying Shangwu yu Maoyi (Business and Trade between China and Britain,
), p. 261. As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji **ace (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1206.
- 22.
Qing Guo Shiqing, Juansan (Things in Qing Dynasty, Vol. 3,
), p. 566. As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji **ace (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1207.
- 23.
(1877). Guan Ce **apian (Guan Volume, Part 2,
), pp. 14–15. As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji **ace (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol.1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1207.
- 24.
Zhang, Z. Zhang Wenxianggong Quanji, Diandu, Juanyibaisishi (Collected Works of Zhang Wenxiang·Telegraph Memorials to the Throne, Vol. 140, 张文襄公全集·电牍, 卷140).
- 25.
Qingguo Shiqing, Juansan (Things in Qing Dynasty, Vol. 3, 清国事情, 卷3), p. 566.
- 26.
Qingguo Shiqing, Juansan (Things in Qing Dynasty, Vol. 3, 清国事情, 卷3), p. 566.
- 27.
Jie Bao, Juanershiba (China Gazette, Vol. 28, 捷报, 卷28), pp. 599–600.
- 28.
(1882). Yinglingshi Shangwu Baogao, Disanpian (Business Report of Britain Consul, Vol. 3,
), pp. 788–792, As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji Shangce (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1214.
- 29.
Li, H. Li Wenzhonggong Quanshu, Juanshiqi (Memorials of Complete Works of Li Wenzhong, Vol. 17, **文忠公全集·奏稿, 卷17), pp. 16–18.
- 30.
Kai** Kuangwu Zhaoshang Zhangcheng (Investment Regulations of Kai** Mining,
), p. 33, As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji Shangce (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, p. 1214.
- 31.
Mai, Z. Huangchao **gshiwen ** Kuangwu Chuangban Zhangcheng Anju Huibian (Collection of Kai** Mining Founding Regulations Basis,
), pp. 78–79. As cited in Sun, Y. (1957). Zhongguo **dai Gongyeshi Ziliao Diyiji Shangce (Materials of Chinese Modern Industrial History, Vol. 1, Part II,
). Bei**g: Science Press, pp. 1243–1244.
- 36.
Zhang, Z. Zhang Zhidong Dian’gao (Zhang Zhidong’s Electric Draft, 张之洞电稿), As cited in Feng, T. (1985). Zhang Zhidong **zhuan (Critical Biograph of Zhang Zhidong, 张之洞评传). Kaifeng: Henan Education Press, p. 137.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhou, J. (2022). Thoughts Regarding Waged Labor. In: Westernization Movement and Early Thought of Modernization in China. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86985-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86985-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86984-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86985-4
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)