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Patterns and Energy Consumption: Design, Implementation, Studies, and Stories

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Software Sustainability

Abstract

Software patterns are well known to both researchers and practitioners. They emerge from the need to tackle problems that become ever more common in development activities. Thus, it is not surprising that patterns have also been explored as a means to address issues related to energy consumption. In this chapter, we discuss patterns at code and design level and address energy efficiency not only as the main concern of patterns but also as a side effect of patterns that were not originally intended to deal with this problem. We first elaborate on state-of-the-art energy-oriented and general-purpose patterns. Next, we present cases of how patterns appear naturally as part of decisions made in industrial projects. By looking at the two levels of abstraction, we identify recurrent issues and solutions. In addition, we illustrate how patterns take part in a network of interconnected components and address energetic concerns. The reporting and cases discussed in this chapter emphasize the importance of being aware of energy-efficient strategies to make informed decisions, especially when develo** sustainable software systems.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    When the practical usage is obvious, we will exclude the illustrative example.

  2. 2.

    Lint is a code analysis tool, provided by the Android SDK, which reports upon finding issues related to the code structural quality.

  3. 3.

    As stated in the Android ArrayMap documentation: http://bit.ly/32hK0y9.

  4. 4.

    AMOLED is a display technology used in mobile devices and stands for Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes.

  5. 5.

    Fibonacci series is a sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers (i.e., 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.).

  6. 6.

    A real example where the camera was being initiated too early can be found here: https://github.com/signalapp/Signal-Android/commit/cb9f225f5962d399f48b65d5f855e11f146c bbcb (visited on June 15, 2020).

  7. 7.

    Energy Efficiency Guide for iOS Apps—Avoid Extraneous Graphics and Animations available here: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Performance/Conceptual/EnergyGuide-iOS/AvoidExtraneousGraphicsAndAnimations.html (visited on June 15, 2020).

  8. 8.

    Factory Method, Adapter, Observer, Bridge, and Composite.

  9. 9.

    Abstract Factory, Bridge, Builder, Command, Composite, Decorator, Factory Method, Flyweight, Mediator Observer, Prototype, Proxy, Singleton, Strategy, and Visitor.

  10. 10.

    Number of invocations to methods that are not owned or inherited by the class being measured.

  11. 11.

    Android View documentation: https://developer.android.com/training/custom-views/custom-drawing#createobject

  12. 12.

    IMAP IDLE is a feature defined by the standard RFC 2177 that allows a client to indicate to the server that it is ready to accept real-time notifications.

  13. 13.

    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly

  14. 14.

    https://webassembly.org/

  15. 15.

    https://github.com/WebAssembly/design

  16. 16.

    https://webassembly.org/docs/jit-library/

  17. 17.

    https://github.com/WebAssembly/design/pull/719

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Daniel Feitosa

  2. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Luís Cruz

  3. Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto & INESC-ID, Porto, Portugal

    Rui Abreu

  4. CISUC and University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    João Paulo Fernandes

  5. HASLab/INESC TEC and University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

    Marco Couto & João Saraiva

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  1. Daniel Feitosa
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  2. Luís Cruz
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  3. Rui Abreu
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  4. João Paulo Fernandes
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  5. Marco Couto
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  6. João Saraiva
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Correspondence to Daniel Feitosa .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Alarcos Research Group, Institute of Technologies and Information Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain

    Coral Calero

  2. Alarcos Research Group, Institute of Technologies and Information Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain

    Mª Ángeles Moraga

  3. Alarcos Research Group, Institute of Technologies and Information Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain

    Mario Piattini

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Feitosa, D., Cruz, L., Abreu, R., Fernandes, J.P., Couto, M., Saraiva, J. (2021). Patterns and Energy Consumption: Design, Implementation, Studies, and Stories. In: Calero, C., Moraga, M.Á., Piattini, M. (eds) Software Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69970-3_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69970-3_5

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