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Religious Forms of Government

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Religion in Process

Part of the book series: Religion and Human Rights ((REHU,volume 6))

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Abstract

The right to freedom of religion is central to the previous chapter, which defines the foundations, content, meaning, and relevance of this right and indicates that it belongs in the context of human rights, which forms its bed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Greek έχοντες χάριν προς ολον τόν λαόν does not mean “having the goodwill of all the people” (NRSV) but rather “they made the whole people share in their goodness” (Thompson, 2006, 58–59). (Unless otherwise indicated, Biblical quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version.)

  2. 2.

    The question is, who is to be counted a Christian: committed Christians or merely interested ones, church members or also members of church groups, of which Augustine counted 88 and Filastrius of Brescia counted 128 (Frickel, 1995) including Gnostics, docetists, Marcionites and other “heretics.”

  3. 3.

    According to modern custom, and in contrast with the monarchal office of bishop and the office of priest known from later centuries, I refer here to the undifferentiated functions of episcope and elder known from the 1st century.

  4. 4.

    Incidentally, with respect to their authenticity and date of creation, the letters of Ignatius are controversial (Dehandschutter, 2001). Presumably, they were written between 165 and 168 (Prostmeyer, 1996).

  5. 5.

    Constantine also saw a close relationship between Rome, the eternal city, and the completion of history in the Christian church. His view persisted after the fall of Rome under the Merovingian and Carolingian princes and emperors in the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, their territory was explicitly referred to as “the Roman Empire” to indicate that the Roman Empire of antiquity had not perished but had rather been transferred (translatio) to the new realm. In the 13th century, it was called the “Holy Roman Empire” to counterbalance the pope’s claims to power. And it was called “the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” in the late 15th century, as Germany was the largest country in Europe in 1500 (Berman, 2003, 32).

  6. 6.

    Caesarapapism refers to the influence of the emperor (caesar) and the state on the pope (papa) and the church. With theocracy (theos means God) or hierocracy (hier means priest), the opposite is the case.

  7. 7.

    Other names include the great chain of being and the semantics of ancient Europe (Semantik Alteuropas).

  8. 8.

    Much in this image consists of a repainting of the Middle Ages in the 19th century (Raedts, 2011).

  9. 9.

    Nicolaas de Cusa, De Docta Ignorantia, Book II, chapters 11 and 12, Banning Press, Minneapolis 2001, 93.

  10. 10.

    http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html.

  11. 11.

    “Etsi tamen regiminis determinatio et moderatorum designatio liberae civium voluntati relinquantur” (GS 74).

  12. 12.

    Incidentally, the letters of Ignatius are controversial with respect to their authenticity and date of maturation. Presumably, they were written between 165 and 168 (Prostmeyer, 1996).

  13. 13.

    The section on atheism is aimed to address the opposite of human dignity: namely, human self-estrangement as taught by atheistic communism and which, at an important moment in Italian history, was taught and exerted great influence. It is even said that communism had infiltrated the Vatican preparatory commission of the document (Delhaye, 1966; Delhaye et al., 1967).

  14. 14.

    LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender. Lesbian refers to lesbian (or gay) women, gay refers to homosexual men (or women), bisexual refers to bisexual individuals, and transgender refers to transgender individuals.

  15. 15.

    For an overview of sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases.

  16. 16.

    Neither jurisdictional sovereignty nor infallibility is attached to the pope’s person. According to Schillebeeckx (1989, 216–217), the idea that the pope himself is infallible is a heresy—albeit a heresy of the sort that has never been officially condemned.

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  1. Deceased, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands

    Dr. Johannes A. van der Ven

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van der Ven, J.A. (2020). Religious Forms of Government. In: Religion in Process. Religion and Human Rights, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58391-0_2

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