Abstract
This chapter is intended to be an introduction to quantum mechanics and computing for surgeons and non-computer scientists. It explains the basis of quantum computers through an understanding of the principles of quantum mechanics and theory. Differences between classical computing and quantum computing are highlighted. Building upon the previous chapter, the potential for applying such quantum computing systems within a cloud framework toward the development of future digital operating theaters and next-generation surgical robots is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Murdoch TB, Detsky AS. The inevitable application of big data to health care. JAMA. 2013;309(13):1351–2.
Schrödinger E. Quantisierung als eigenwertproblem. Ann Phys. 1926;385(13):437–90.
Heisenberg W. The physical principles of the quantum theory. Mineola, New York, USA: Courier Corporation; 1949.
Kramers HA, Heisenberg W. Über die streuung von strahlung durch atome. Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei. 1925;31(1):681–708.
Heisenberg W. Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. Z Phys. 1927;43:172–98.
Millikan RA. Einstein’s photoelectric equation and contact electromotive force. Phys Rev. 1916;7(1):18.
Davisson C, Germer LH. Diffraction of electrons by a crystal of nickel. Phys Rev. 1927;30(6):705.
Wheeler JA. The “past” and the “delayed-choice” double-slit experiment. In: Mathematical foundations of quantum theory. New York, New York, USA: Academic Press, Inc.; 1978. p. 9–48.
Jacques V, Wu E, Grosshans F, Treussart F, Grangier P, Aspect A, Roch JF. Experimental realization of Wheeler’s delayed-choice gedanken experiment. Science. 2007;315(5814):966–8.
Walborn SP, Cunha MT, Pádua S, Monken CH. Double-slit quantum eraser. Phys Rev A. 2002;65(3):033818.
Kim YH, Yu R, Kulik SP, Shih Y, Scully MO. Delayed “choice” quantum eraser. Phys Rev Lett. 2000;84(1):1.
Compton AH. A quantum theory of the scattering of X-rays by light elements. Phys Rev. 1923;21(5):483.
De Broglie L. Waves and quanta. Nature. 1923;112(2815):540.
Bloch F. Nuclear induction. Phys Rev. 1946;70(7–8):460.
Purcell EM, Torrey HC, Pound RV. Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic moments in a solid. Phys Rev. 1946;69(1–2):37.
Gerlach W, Stern O. über die richtungsquantelung im magnetfeld. Ann Phys. 1924;379(16):673–99.
Rosen N, Zener C. Double Stern-Gerlach experiment and related collision phenomena. Phys Rev. 1932;40(4):502.
Bohr N. The structure of the atom. Nature. 1923;112(2801):29.
Bengtsson I, Życzkowski K. Geometry of quantum states: an introduction to quantum entanglement. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge university press; 2017. 2017.
Laflorencie N. Quantum entanglement in condensed matter systems. Phys Rep. 2016 Aug 3;646:1–59.
Streltsov A. Quantum entanglement. In: Quantum correlations beyond entanglement. Cham: Springer; 2015. p. 11–6.
Bernhardt C. Quantum computing for everyone. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press; 2019.
Bell JS. On the einstein podolsky rosen paradox. Physics Physique Fizika. 1964;1(3):195.
Erber T, Putterman S. Randomness in quantum mechanics—nature’s ultimate cryptogram? Nature. 1985;318(6041):41.
Dürr D, Goldstein S, Zanghi N. Quantum mechanics, randomness, and deterministic reality. Phys Lett A. 1992;172(1–2):6–12.
Einstein A, Podolsky B, Rosen N. Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Phys Rev. 1935;47(10):777.
Kohn W, Luttinger JM. Quantum theory of electrical transport phenomena. Phys Rev. 1957;108(3):590.
Bouwmeester D, Pan JW, Mattle K, Eibl M, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A. Experimental quantum teleportation. Nature. 1997;390(6660):575.
Ren JG, Xu P, Yong HL, Zhang L, Liao SK, Yin J, Liu WY, Cai WQ, Yang M, Li L, Yang KX. Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation. Nature. 2017;549(7670):70.
Shor PW. Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer. SIAM Rev. 1999;41(2):303–32.
Shor PW. Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In: Proceedings 35th annual symposium on foundations of computer science. Philadelphia, PA, USA: IEEE; 1994. p. 124–34.
Grover LK. A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. ar**v preprint quant-ph/9605043. 1996.
Grover LK. Quantum mechanics helps in searching for a needle in a haystack. Phys Rev Lett. 1997;79(2):325.
Zidan M, Abdel-Aty AH, El-shafei M, Feraig M, Al-Sbou Y, Eleuch H, Abdel-Aty M. Quantum classification algorithm based on competitive learning neural network and entanglement measure. Appl Sci. 2019;9(7):1277.
Zidan M, Abdel-Aty AH, Younes A, Zanaty EA, El-khayat I, Abdel-Aty M. A novel algorithm based on entanglement measurement for improving speed of quantum algorithms. Appl Math. 2018;12(1):265–9.
Zalka C. Grover’s quantum searching algorithm is optimal. Phys Rev A. 1999;60(4):2746.
Vandersypen LM, Steffen M, Breyta G, Yannoni CS, Sherwood MH, Chuang IL. Experimental realization of Shor’s quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature. 2001;414(6866):883.
Bennett CH, Shor PW. Quantum information theory. IEEE Trans Inf Theory. 1998;44(6):2724–42.
Lanyon BP, Weinhold TJ, Langford NK, Barbieri M, James DF, Gilchrist A, White AG. Experimental demonstration of a compiled version of Shor’s algorithm with quantum entanglement. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;99(25):250505.
Leuenberger MN, Loss D. Quantum computing in molecular magnets. Nature. 2001;410(6830):789.
Steane A. Quantum computing. Rep Prog Phys. 1998;61(2):117.
Walther P, Resch KJ, Rudolph T, Schenck E, Weinfurter H, Vedral V, Aspelmeyer M, Zeilinger A. Experimental one-way quantum computing. Nature. 2005;434(7030):169.
Feynman RP. Quantum mechanical computers. Optics News. 1985;11(2):11–20.
Deutsch D. Quantum theory, the church–Turing principle and the universal quantum computer. Proc Royal Soc Lond A Math Phys Sci. 1985;400(1818):97–117.
Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, Bacon D, Bardin JC, Barends R, Biswas R, Boixo S, Brandao FG, Buell DA, Burkett B. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature. 2019;574(7779):505–10.
Barenco A, Bennett CH, Cleve R, DiVincenzo DP, Margolus N, Shor P, Sleator T, Smolin JA, Weinfurter H. Elementary gates for quantum computation. Phys Rev A. 1995;52(5):3457.
Monroe C, Meekhof DM, King BE, Itano WM, Wineland DJ. Demonstration of a fundamental quantum logic gate. Phys Rev Lett. 1995;75(25):4714.
Bunyk PI, Hoskinson EM, Johnson MW, Tolkacheva E, Altomare F, Berkley AJ, Harris R, Hilton JP, Lanting T, Przybysz AJ, Whittaker J. Architectural considerations in the design of a superconducting quantum annealing processor. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 2014;24(4):1–0.
Finnila AB, Gomez MA, Sebenik C, Stenson C, Doll JD. Quantum annealing: a new method for minimizing multidimensional functions. Chem Phys Lett. 1994;219(5–6):343–8.
Josephson BD. Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling. Phys Lett. 1962;1(7):251–3.
Makhlin Y, Scöhn G, Shnirman A. Josephson-junction qubits with controlled couplings. Nature. 1999;398(6725):305.
Cataliotti FS, Burger S, Fort C, Maddaloni P, Minardi F, Trombettoni A, Smerzi A, Inguscio M. Josephson junction arrays with Bose-Einstein condensates. Science. 2001;293(5531):843–6.
Hamlin JJ. Superconductivity near room temperature. Nature. 2019;569(7757):491–2.
Benioff P. Quantum robots and environments. Phys Rev A. 1998;58(2):893.
Benioff P. Some foundational aspects of quantum computers and quantum robots. Superlattice Microst. 1998;23(3–4):407–17.
Benioff P. Quantum robots. Feynman Comput. 2018;8:155–75.
Dong D, Chen C, Zhang C, Chen Z. Quantum robot: structure, algorithms and applications. Robotica. 2006;24(4):513–21.
Mahanti S, Das S, Behera BK, Panigrahi PK. Quantum robots can fly; play games: an IBM quantum experience. Quantum Inf Process. 2019;18(7):219.
Kagan E, Ben-Gal I. Navigation of quantum-controlled mobile robots. In: Recent advances in mobile robotics. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2011.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Atallah, S., Atallah, A.B. (2021). Quantum Theory and Computing for Surgeons. In: Atallah, S. (eds) Digital Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49100-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49100-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49099-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49100-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)