Abstract
Late somatic effects of ionizing radiation are classified as either stochastic or nonstochastic (from Greek stochastikos = able to hit). Stochastic effects are effects for which the probability of an effect occurring, rather than its severity, is a function of dose without threshold.1 More generally, stochastic means random in nature. In large irradiated populations even a small radiation dose may induce late effects in a small percentage of exposed individuals; the severity of the effect is dose- dependent. Nonstochastic effects occur only if a substantial threshold dose is exceeded (often several hundred cGy).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Upton AC, Albert RE, Burns FJ, et al. Radiation Carcinogenesis. New York, NY: Elsevier; 1986.
Merriam GR Jr., Focht EF. Radiation dose to the lens in treatment of tumors of the eye and adjacent structures. Am J Roentgenol. 1958; 71: 357–360.
Kopf AW, Grisewood EN, Bart RS, Petratos M, Wingate C. X irradiation of ocular tissues measured by thermoluminescence dosimetry. J Invest Dermatol. 1967; 49: 512–516.
UNSCEAR (1977), United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 1977 Report to the General Assembly; Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, UN E77.IX.1. United Nations, New York, 1972.
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1972.
Low-level radiation risk climbs in new estimates. Med World News. Jan 22, 1990; 31:24–25.
Fürst CJ, Lundell M, Holm LE, et al. Cancer incidence after radiotherapy for skin hemangioma: a retrospective cohort study in Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80: 1387–1392.
Goldschmidt H, Sherwin WK. Reactions to ionizing radiation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980; 3: 551–579.
NCRP (1985). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements: Induction of thyroid cancer by ionizing radiation. NCRP Report No. 80, Bethesda, MD; 1985.
Schottenfeld D, Gershman ST. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer. CA. 1978; 28: 66–86.
Mortensen JD, Bennett WA, Woolner LB. Incidence of carcinoma in thyroid glands removed at 1000 consecutive routine necropsies. Surg Forum. 1954; 5: 659–663.
Sampson RJ, Woolner LB, Bahn RC, et al. Occult thyroid carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: prevalence at autopsy compared with that in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Cancer 1974; 34: 2072–2076.
Crile G Jr, Hazard JB. Relationship of the age of the patient to the natural history and prognosis of carcinoma of the thyroid. Ann Surg. 1953; 138: 33–38.
Crile G Jr. Changing end results in patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1971; 132: 460–468.
Pochin EE. Why be quantitative about radiation risk estimates? NCRP Lecture 2, Washington, DC; 1978.
Hempelmann LH, Pifer JW, Burke GJ, Terry R, Ames WR. Neoplasms in persons treated with x-rays in infancy for thymic enlargement. A report on the third follow-up survey. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1967; 38: 317–341.
Hempelmann LH. Risk of thyroid neoplasms after irradiation in children. Science 1968; 160: 159–163.
Jablon S, Belsky JL, Tachikawa K, et al. Cancer in Japanese exposed as children to atomic bombs. Lancet. 1971; 1: 927 - 932.
Conard RA, Dobyns BM, Sutow WW. Thyroid neoplasia as a late effect of exposure to radioactive iodine in fallout. JAMA. 1970; 214: 316–324.
Crile G, Esselstyn LB, Hawk WA. Needle biopsy in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules appearing after radiation. N Engl J Med. 1979;301: 997–999. Editorial.
Modan B, Baidatz D, Mart H, Steinitz R, Levin SG. Radiation induced head and neck tumours. Lancet. 1974; 1: 277–281.
Albert R, Omran A, Brauer E, et al. Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis. Part II. Arch Environ Health. 1968; 17: 919–934.
Albert RE, Omran AR. Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis. Arch Environ Health. 1968; 17: 899–918.
Shore RE, Albert RE, Pästernack BS. Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis. Resurvey of posttreatment illness and mortality experience. Arch Environ Health. 1976; 31: 17–24.
NCRP (1980). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement: Influence of dose and its distribution in time on dose-reponse relationships for low-LETradiations. NCRP Report No. 64, Washington, DC; 1980.
Silverman C, Hoffman DA. Thyroid tumor risk from radiation during childhood. Prev Med. 1975; 4: 100–105.
Petratos MA, Grisewood EN, Wingate C. Measurement of scattered radiation to body areas during radiotherapy of basal cell epitheliomas. Derm Int. 1969; 8: 10–13.
Goldschmidt H, Lassen M, Gorson RO. Dermatologic radiotherapy and thyroid cancer. Dose measurements and risk quantification. Arch Dermatol. 1983; 119: 383–390.
Idsoe O, Guthe T, Willcox RP, DeWeck AL. Nature and extent of penicillin side-reactions, with particular reference to fatalities from anaphylactic shock. Bull WHO. 1968; 38: 159–188.
Wilson R. Analyzing the daily risks of life. Technol Rev. February, 1979; 33: 41–46.
Pochin EE. The acceptance of risk. Br Med Bull. 1975; 31: 184–189.
Pochin EE: Estimates of industrial and other risks. J R Coll Phys Lond. 1978; 12: 210–218.
Wanebo CK, Johnson KG, Sato K, et al. Breast cancer after exposure to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. N Engl J Med. 1968;279: 667–671.
Maeeler FA Jr, Hempelmann LH, Dutton AM. Breast neoplasms in women treated with x-rays for acute postpartum mastitis. A pilot study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1969; 43: 803–811.
Myrden JA, Hiltz JE. Breast cancer following multiple fluoroscopies during artificial pneumothorax treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Can Med Assoc J. 1969; 100: 1032–1034.
Mackenzie I. Breast cancer following multiple fluoroscopies. Br J Cancer. 1965; 19: 1–8.
Cook DC, Dent D, Hewitt D. Breast cancer following multiple chest fluoroscopy: the Ontario experience. Can Med Assoc J. 1974; 111: 406–409, 412.
Delarue NC, Gale G, Ronald A. Multiple fluoroscopy of the chest. Carcinogenicity for the female breast and implications for breast cancer screening programs. Can Med Assoc J. 1975; 112: 1405–1413.
Boice JD, Monson RR. X-ray exposure and breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1976; 104: 349–350.
Wolfe JN. Mammography: a radiologist’s view. JAMA. 1977; 237: 2223–2224.
Simon N. Breast cancer induced by radiation. JAMA. 1977; 237: 789–790.
ICRP (1977). International Commission on Radiological Protection. Recommendations of the International Commission on radiological protection. ICRP publication 26. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd; 1977.
Schwartz RA, Burgess GH, Milgrom H. Breast carcinoma and basal cell epithelioma after x-ray therapy for hirsutism. Cancer. 1979; 44: 5–9.
Goldschmidt H, Gorson RO, Lassen M. Dermatologie radiotherapy and breast cancer. Arch Dermatol Res. 1982; 272: 293–300.
McKenna RJ. Tumors of the major and minor salivary glands. CA 1984; 34: 27–39.
Preston-Martin S, Thomas DC, White SC, et al. Prior exposure to medical and dental x rays related to tumors of the parotid gland. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80: 943–949.
Benninger MS, Lavertu P, Linden MD, Sebek B. Multiple parotid gland primary neoplasms after radiation therapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 98 (3): 250–253.
Belsky JL, Takeichi N, Yamamoto T, et al. Salivary gland neoplasms following atomic radiation. Cancer. 1975; 35: 555–559.
Schneider AB, Favus MJ, Stachura ME, et al. Salivary gland neoplasms as a late consequence of head and neck irradiation. Ann Intern Med. 1977; 87: 160–164.
Seo IS, Warner TFS, Warren JS, et al. Cutaneous postirradiation sarcoma. Cancer. 1985; 56: 761–767.
Reyes CV. Radiation-induced soft tissue osteogenic sarcoma of the scalp. Int J. Dermatol. 1989; 28: 38–39.
Hatlinghus S, Rode L, Christensen I, Vaage S. Sarcoma following irradiation for breast cancer. Report of three unusual cases including one malignant mesenchymoma of bone. Acta Radiol (Oncol). 1986; 25 (4–6): 239–242.
Goette DK, Deffer TA. Postirradiation malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Arch Dermatol. 1985; 121 (4): 535–538.
Handfield-Jones SE, Kennedy CT, Bradfield JB. Angiosarcoma arising in an angiomatous naevus following irradiation in childhood. Br J Dermatol. 1988; 118 (1): 109–112.
Sironi M, Marchini R, Taccagni GL, Cantaboni A. Juvenile cutaneous angiosarcoma following radiotherapy of a haemangioma. Pathologica. 1988; 80 (1066): 235–241.
Goette DK, Detlefs RL. Postirradiation angiosarcoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985; 12 (5, Pt 2): 922–926.
Court Brown WM, Doll R. Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J. 1965; 5474: 1327–1332.
Bross IDJ, Natarajan N. Leukemia from low-level radiation; identification of susceptible children. N Engl J Med. 1972; 287: 107–110.
Gibson R, Graham S, Lilienfield A, Schuman L, Dowd JE, Levin ML: Irradiation in the epidemiology of leukemia among adults. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972; 48: 301–311.
Ron E, Modan B, Boice JD, et al. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after adiotherapy in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319: 1033–1039.
Burns FJ. Cancer risk associated with therapeutic irradiation of the skin. Arch Dermatol. 1989; 125: 979–981.
Spallone A, Gagliardi FM, Vagnozzi R. Intracranial meningiomas related to external cranial irradiation. Surg Neurol. 1979; 12 (2): 153–159.
Maiche A, Teerenhovi L. Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients receiving radiation therapy. Lancet. 1985; 2 (8445): 45.
Ernst TM, Marsch WC. Induktion eines lokalisierten Pemphigoids durch energiereiche Strahlen. Dermatologica 1982; 164: 73–81.
Maor MH. Dermatophytosis confined to irradiated skin. A case report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988; 14 (4): 825–826.
Ullah K, Pichler E, Fritsch P. Multiple eccrine poromas arising in chronic radiation dermatitis. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh). 1989; 69 (1): 70–73.
Kossard S, Commens CA. Keratotic miliaria precipitated by radiotherapy. Arch Dermatol. 1988; 124 (6): 855–856.
Pandya AG, Kettler AH, Bruce S. Radiation-induced erythema multiforme. Int J Dermatol. 1989; 28: 600–602.
Arnold H. Erythema multiforme following high voltage roentgen therapy. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1949; 60: 143–149.
Del Giudice SM, Gerstley JK. Sunlight-induced radiation recall. Int J Dermatol. 1988; 27: 415–416.
NCRP (1987). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements: Recommendations on limits for exposure to ionizing radiation. NCRP Report No. 91, Bethesda, MD; 1987.
Gladstein AH. Radiation protection. In: Goldschmidt H, ed. Physical Modalities in Dermatologie Therapy. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1978: 39–49.
Goldschmidt H: FDA recommendations on radiation of benign diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1978; 114: 1149.
Goldschmidt H. Dermatologie radiotherapy. The risk-benefit ratio. Arch Dermatol. 1986; 122: 1385–1388.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goldschmidt, H. (1991). Chronic Radiation Effects and Radiation Protection. In: Modern Dermatologic Radiation Therapy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9041-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9041-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9043-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9041-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive