Abstract
One of the topic areas chosen for CSR 95 was that of safety cases. Although safety cases are now well enshrined in UK law they are possibly not so well understood outside the UK. The presentation upon which this paper is based aimed to provide background information on safety cases. The paper starts by examining some historical accidents and moves on to discuss the development of safety law in the UK and summarises some of the principles embodied within the Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974. Following this attention is given to risk assessment and the ALARP principle. Safety cases are introduced with specific reference to those industries currently using them. Finally, standards covering the use of Programmable Electronic Systems (PES) in safety related applications are identified and their role in producing safety cases discussed.
Neither Lloyd’s Register nor any of its officers, employees or agents shall be responsible or liable in negligence or otherwise howsoever in respect of any inaccuracy or omission herein.
Without derogating from the generality of the foregoing neither Lloyd’s Register nor any of its officers, employees or agents shall be liable for any indirect or consequential loss caused by or arising from any information advice or inaccuracy or omission herein.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACARD. SOFTWARE A vital key to UK competitiveness. HMSO, 1986.
Lorna Arnold. Windscale 1957. MacMillan, 2nd edition, 1995.
P. Ayton. On the competence and incompetence of experts. In G. Wright and F. Bolger, editors, Expertise and Decision Support. Plenum Press, 1994.
J. II. Baker. An Introduction to English Legal History. Butterworths, 3rd edition, 1993.
Tony Barrell and Tony Darlison. The safety of PES in the offshore industry. In [Sha96], 1996.
W. Beasant. Medieval London, Vol 1, Historical and Social. Adam and Charles Black, 1906.
Ron Bell. Overview of proposed iec 1508 & implications for plcs. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on PLCs in Safety Related Applications. EWICS TC7, 1996.
R. W. Butler and G. B. Finelli. The infeasibility of quantifying the reliability of life-critical real-time software. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 19 (3): 3–12, 1994.
B. Barrett and R. Howells. Occupational Health and Safety Law. Pitman, 2nd edition, 1995.
Robin Bloomfield. The SHIP safety case - a combination of system and software methods. In [Sha961, 1996.
CENELEC. prEN 50129: Railway Applications - Safety Related Electronic Systems,1994. DRAFT.
CENELEC. prEN 50128: Railway Applications - Software for Railway Control and Protection Systems,1995.
R. Chuse. Pressure Vessels. McGraw Hill, 5th edition, 1977.
J. Clegg and R. McIntosh. Safety case generic issues. In Managing the Safety Case. United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association, December 1994.
Lord Cullen. The Public Enquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster. HMSO, 1990.
Department of Energy. Offshore Installations: Guidance on Design, Construction and Certification. HMSO, 4th edition, 1990.
A. G. Darlison, F. Maclennan, and R. C. Shaw. Software assessment. Technical Report Paper No 1 Session 1993–1994, Lloyd’s Register Technical Association, 1993.
D. J. Ewing and J. F. Campbell. Tolerability of risk, safety assessment principles and their implication for probabilistic safety analysis. Nuclear Energy, 2 (33): 85–92, 1994.
Chris Edwards. The application of systematic software management to railway systems. In [Sha96], 1996.
EEMUA. Safety related instrument systems for the process industries. Technical Report 160, The Engineering Equipment and Materials User Association, 1989.
David Farmer. So Far as is Reasonably Practicable. Croner Publications Ltd, 1989.
N. Fenton. The role of measurement in software safety assessment. In (Sha961, 1996.
Charles Fox. UKOOA overview of the voluntary safety case experience. In [HSE93], 1993.
Derek Fraser. The Evolution of the British Welfare State. MacMillan, 2nd edition, 1984.
GAMBICA. Safety Guidelines: programmable electronic systems in safety related applications. Technical report, The GAMBICA Association, November 1989.
Ervon Garrison. A History of Engineering and Technology. CRC Press, 1991.
S. A. Harbison. Developments in safety standards and regulation. Nuclear Energy, 6 (33): 383–386, 1994.
John Hendy and Michael Ford. Redgrave Fife Machin Health and Safety. Butterworths, 2nd edition, 1993.
E. J. Henley and H. Kumamoto. Probabilistic Risk Assessment. IEEE Press, 1992.
HMG. New Opportunities for the Railways - The Privatisation of British Rail (Cm 2012). HMSO, 1992.
HSC. Ensuring safety on Britain’s railways. Technical report, Department of Transport, January 1993.
HSE. CANVEY an investigation of potential hazards from operations in the Canvey Island/Thurrock area. HMSO, 1978.
HSE. CANVEY a second report - a review of potential hazards from operations in the Canvey Island/Thurrock area three years after publication of the Canvey Report. HMSO, 1981.
HSE. Microprocessors in Industry - Safety implications of the uses of programmable electronic systems in factories. HMSO, 1981. HSE Occasional Paper Series: OP2.
HSE. Programmable electronic systems in safety-related applications: Part 1 An introductory guide. HMSO, 1987.
HSE. Programmable electronic systems in safety-related applications: Part 1 general technical guidelines. HMSO, 1987.
HSE. Quantified risk assessment: Its input to decision making. HMSO, 1989.
HSE. A Guide to the Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1984. HMSO, 1990.
HSE. Successful Health and Safety Management. HMSO, 1991.
HSE. A Guide to the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974. HMSO, 1992.
HSE. A Guide to the Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 1992. HMSO, 1992.
HSE. Management of Health and Safety at Work. HMSO, 1992.
HSE. Safety Assessment Principles for Nuclear Plants. HMSO, 1992.
HSE. The Tolerability of Risk from Nuclear Power Stations. HMSO, 1992.
Offshore Safety Cases Conference. Health and Safety Executive, 1993.
HSE. Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail. HMSO, 1994.
HSE. Guide to the Approval of Railway Works, Plant and Equipment. HMSO, 1994.
HSE. Railway Safety Cases. HMSO, 1994. [HSE94d] HSE. Railway Safety Critical Work. HMSO, 1994.
HSE. Draft Offshore Installations and Wells (Design and Construction, etc) Regulations. Health and Safety Executive, 1995.
HSE. Generic Terms and Concepts in the Assessment and Regulation of Industrial Risks. Health and Safety Executive, 1995.
HSE. A Guide to the Offshore Installations and Pipeline Work (Man-agement and Administration) Regulations 1995. HMSO, 1995.
HSE. Out of Control - Why control systems go wrong and how to prevent failure. HSE Books, 1995.
HSE. Prevention of Fire and Explosion, and Emergency Response on Offshore Installations. HMSO, 1995.
HSE. The Work of the HSE’s Nuclear Installations Inspectorate. HMSO, 1995.
David Hunns. Considerations of the elements of the safety case for a computer based safety system in the nuclear industry. In (Sha96], 1996.
IEC. Draft IEC 1508: Functional safety: safety-related systems; Parts 1–7. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 1996.
IGE. The use of programmable electronic systems in safety related applications in the gas industry. Technical Report IGE/SR/15 Communication 1417, The Institution of Gas Engineers, 1989.
IGE. Programmable equipment in safety related applications. Technical Report IGE/SR/15 Communication 1581, The Institution of Gas Engineers, 1994.
IRSE. Competence assessment in the workplace. Technical Report Licensing Procedure No. 14, Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, November 1993.
IRSE. Licensing of competent personnel. Technical Report Licensing Procedure No. 11, Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, November 1993.
David Jones. Nomenclature for Hazard and Risk Assessment in the Process Industries. Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2nd edition, 1992.
John Keegan. The Price of Admiralty. Hutchinson, 1988.
Ralph King. Safety in the Process Industries. Butterworth - Heinemann, 1990.
Trevor Kletz. Learning from Accidents. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.
Frank P. Lees and M. L. Ang, editors. Safety Cases. Butterworths, 1989.
Frank Lees. Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Volumes 1 & 2. Butterworth, 1980.
Frank Lees. Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Volumes 1 6 2. Butterworth - Heinemann, 2nd edition, 1996.
B. Littlewood. Limits to evaluation of software dependability. In B. Littlewood and N. Fenton, editors, Software Reliability and Metrics. Elsevier, 1991.
J. R. Lane and M. C. Jones. Performance standards and written schemes - recent experience from the UK offshore industry. Technical Report Paper No 6 Session 1995–1996, Lloyd’s Register Technical Association, 1995.
Me194] Peter Mellor. CAD: computer aided disaster. High Integrity Systems,’1(2):10–156, 1994.
NALM. Programmable electronic systems in safety related applications. Technical report, National Association of Lift Makers, 1988.
Taf Powell. HSE overview of the voluntary safety cases. In [HSE9S], 1993.
David Rayner. Keynote address. In Railway Safety Cases - 250 days Down, 500 To Go. IBC Technical Services Ltd, 1994.
David Rayner. Aspects of safety within the privatised railway. In Safety on the Railways. AIC Conferences, June 1995.
RIA. Safety related software for railway signalling. Technical Report RIA Technical Specification No 23, Railway Industry Association, 1991.
Lord Robens. Safety and Health at Work. Report of the Committee 1970–72. HMSO - Cmnd. 5034, 1972.
John Rushby. Formal methods and the certification of critical systems. Technical Report SRI-CSL-93–07, Stanford Research Institute, November 1993.
John Rushby. Formal methods and their role in the certification of critical systems. In [Sha96], 1996.
Sha96] Roger Shaw, editor. Safety and Reliability of Software Based Systems. Springer Verlag, 1996.
John Stansfeld. The safety case. Technical Report Paper No 3 Session 1994–1995, Lloyd’s Register Technical Association, 1994.
L. Strigini. Engineering judgement in reliability and safety and its limits: what can we learn from research in psychology? Technical Report SHIP/T/002, City University, 1994.
J. R. Thompson. Engineering Safety Assessment. Longman Scientific and Technical, 1987.
Martyn Thomas. Safety cases for software based systems. In [Sha96], 1996.
Paul Tindall. U.K. offshore legislation. Technical Report Paper No 6 Session 1991–1992, Lloyd’s Register Technical Association, 1992.
UKOOA. Guidelines for instrument-based protection systems. Technical report, United Kindgom Offshore Operators Association, 1995.
Alain Villemeur. Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment - Volume 1. Methods and Techniques. John Wiley, 1991.
Alain Villemeur. Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment - Volume 2. Assessment, Hardware, Software Human Factors. John Wiley, 1991.
L. G. Williams. Regulation of an ageing nuclear programme. Nuclear Energy, 6 (33): 387–391, 1994.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this paper
Cite this paper
Shaw, R. (1997). Safety Cases — How Did We Get Here?. In: Shaw, R. (eds) Safety and Reliability of Software Based Systems. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0921-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0921-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76034-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0921-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive