Abstract
This chapter presents an extensive investigation into the diverse landscape of in vitro models tailored for unraveling the complexities of tumors. The exploration unfolds with a meticulous examination of two-dimensional (2D) tumor models in Sect. 2, providing a comprehensive understanding of their distinct characteristics and inherent limitations. The narrative then seamlessly transitions to Sect. 3, where the focus broadens to encompass three-dimensional (3D) models, exploring the realms of spheroids, organoids, and ex vivo explant models (Sects. 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3). The chapter delves into the frontier of bioprinting in Sect. 3.4, elucidating its applications and addressing challenges associated with this cutting-edge technology. Section 3.5 investigates the pivotal role of microfluidics in cancer research, underscoring its contributions to mimicking the tumor microenvironment. The exploration culminates in Sect. 3.6, dedicated to models involving the chorioallantoic membrane, shedding light on their unique attributes and significant contributions to cancer studies. This comprehensive overview aims to elevate our comprehension of the current spectrum of in vitro tumor models. By delineating the nuanced characteristics of each model type, the chapter provides valuable insights that are poised to influence the methodologies of future cancer research. Emphasizing the collective impact of these models on advancing preclinical studies, this chapter serves as a foundational resource, fostering innovation and informed decision-making for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Abreu TR, Biscaia M, Goncalves N, Fonseca NA, Moreira JN (2021) In vitro and in vivo tumor models for the evaluation of anticancer nanoparticles. Adv Exp Med Biol 1295:271–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_12
Arakaki AKS, Szulzewsky F, Gilbert MR, Gujral TS, Holland EC (2021) Utilizing preclinical models to develop targeted therapies for rare central nervous system cancers. Neuro-Oncology 23(23 Suppl 5):S4–S15. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab183
Bajetto A, Pattarozzi A, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Daga A, Bosio A et al (2017) Different effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on glioblastoma stem cells by direct cell interaction or via released soluble factors. Front Cell Neurosci 11:312. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00312
Bartlett R, Everett W, Lim S, Natasha G, Loizidou M, Jell G et al (2014) Personalized in vitro cancer modeling – fantasy or reality? Transl Oncol 7(6):657–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2014.10.006
Broutier L, Mastrogiovanni G, Verstegen MM, Francies HE, Gavarro LM, Bradshaw CR et al (2017) Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening. Nat Med 23(12):1424–1435. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4438
Browning JR, Derr P, Derr K, Doudican N, Michael S, Lish SR et al (2020) A 3D biofabricated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma tissue model with multi-channel confocal microscopy imaging biomarkers to quantify antitumor effects of chemotherapeutics in tissue. Oncotarget 11(27):2587–2596. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.27570
Calandrini C, Drost J (2022) Normal and tumor-derived organoids as a drug screening platform for tumor-specific drug vulnerabilities. STAR Protoc 3(1):101079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101079
Centenera MM, Raj GV, Knudsen KE, Tilley WD, Butler LM (2013) Ex vivo culture of human prostate tissue and drug development. Nat Rev Urol 10(8):483–487. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2013.126
Choo N, Ramm S, Luu J, Winter JM, Selth LA, Dwyer AR et al (2021) High-throughput imaging assay for drug screening of 3D prostate cancer organoids. SLAS Discov 26(9):1107–1124. https://doi.org/10.1177/24725552211020668
de Visser KE, Joyce JA (2023) The evolving tumor microenvironment: from cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth. Cancer Cell 41(3):374–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.016
Dong M, Philippi C, Loretz B, Nafee N, Schaefer UF, Friedel G et al (2011) Tissue slice model of human lung cancer to investigate telomerase inhibition by nanoparticle delivery of antisense 2′-O-methyl-RNA. Int J Pharm 419(1–2):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.009
Durupt F, Koppers-Lalic D, Balme B, Budel L, Terrier O, Lina B et al (2012) The chicken chorioallantoic membrane tumor assay as model for qualitative testing of oncolytic adenoviruses. Cancer Gene Ther 19(1):58–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/cgt.2011.68
Eckrich J, Kugler P, Buhr CR, Ernst BP, Mendler S, Baumgart J et al (2020) Monitoring of tumor growth and vascularization with repetitive ultrasonography in the chicken chorioallantoic-membrane-assay. Sci Rep 10(1):18585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75660-y
Elberskirch L, Le Harzic R, Scheglmann D, Wieland G, Wiehe A, Mathieu-Gaedke M et al (2022) A HET-CAM based vascularized intestine tumor model as a screening platform for nano-formulated photosensitizers. Eur J Pharm Sci 168:106046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106046
Gerlach MM, Merz F, Wichmann G, Kubick C, Wittekind C, Lordick F et al (2014) Slice cultures from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a novel test system for drug susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance. Br J Cancer 110(2):479–488. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.700
Gnatowski P, Pilat E, Kucinska-Lipka J, Saeb MR, Hamblin MR, Mozafari M (2023) Recent advances in 3D bioprinted tumor models for personalized medicine. Transl Oncol 37:101750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101750
Godugu C, Patel AR, Desai U, Andey T, Sams A, Singh M (2013) AlgiMatrix based 3D cell culture system as an in-vitro tumor model for anticancer studies. PLoS One 8(1):e53708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053708
Grosso SH, Katayama ML, Roela RA, Nonogaki S, Soares FA, Brentani H et al (2013) Breast cancer tissue slices as a model for evaluation of response to rapamycin. Cell Tissue Res 352(3):671–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-013-1608-8
Hakimi N, Cheng R, Leng L, Sotoudehfar M, Ba PQ, Bakhtyar N et al (2018) Handheld skin printer: in situ formation of planar biomaterials and tissues. Lab Chip 18(10):1440–1451. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7lc01236e
Hakobyan D, Medina C, Dusserre N, Stachowicz ML, Handschin C, Fricain JC et al (2020) Laser-assisted 3D bioprinting of exocrine pancreas spheroid models for cancer initiation study. Biofabrication 12(3):035001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab7cb8
Heinrich MA, Mostafa A, Morton JP, Hawinkels L, Prakash J (2021) Translating complexity and heterogeneity of pancreatic tumor: 3D in vitro to in vivo models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 174:265–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.018
Holliday DL, Moss MA, Pollock S, Lane S, Shaaban AM, Millican-Slater R et al (2013) The practicalities of using tissue slices as preclinical organotypic breast cancer models. J Clin Pathol 66(3):253–255. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201147
Horowitz LF, Rodriguez AD, Au-Yeung A, Bishop KW, Barner LA, Mishra G et al (2021) Microdissected “cuboids” for microfluidic drug testing of intact tissues. Lab Chip 21(1):122–142. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00801j
Hu Y, Sui X, Song F, Li Y, Li K, Chen Z et al (2021) Lung cancer organoids analyzed on microwell arrays predict drug responses of patients within a week. Nat Commun 12(1):2581. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22676-1
Huang YL, Ma Y, Wu C, Shiau C, Segall JE, Wu M (2020a) Tumor spheroids under perfusion within a 3D microfluidic platform reveal critical roles of cell-cell adhesion in tumor invasion. Sci Rep 10(1):9648. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66528-2
Huang YL, Shiau C, Wu C, Segall JE, Wu M (2020b) The architecture of co-culture spheroids regulates tumor invasion within a 3D extracellular matrix. Biophys Rev Lett 15(3):131–141. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793048020500034
Kaplan RN, Riba RD, Zacharoulis S, Bramley AH, Vincent L, Costa C et al (2005) VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438(7069):820–827. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04186
Karlsson H, Fryknas M, Larsson R, Nygren P (2012) Loss of cancer drug activity in colon cancer HCT-116 cells during spheroid formation in a new 3-D spheroid cell culture system. Exp Cell Res 318(13):1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.026
Katt ME, Placone AL, Wong AD, Xu ZS, Searson PC (2016) In vitro tumor models: advantages, disadvantages, variables, and selecting the right platform. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 4:12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2016.00012
Kingsley DM, Roberge CL, Rudkouskaya A, Faulkner DE, Barroso M, Intes X et al (2019) Laser-based 3D bioprinting for spatial and size control of tumor spheroids and embryoid bodies. Acta Biomater 95:357–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.014
Krausz E, de Hoogt R, Gustin E, Cornelissen F, Grand-Perret T, Janssen L et al (2013) Translation of a tumor microenvironment mimicking 3D tumor growth co-culture assay platform to high-content screening. J Biomol Screen 18(1):54–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087057112456874
Kuen J, Darowski D, Kluge T, Majety M (2017) Pancreatic cancer cell/fibroblast co-culture induces M2 like macrophages that influence therapeutic response in a 3D model. PLoS One 12(7):e0182039. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182039
Kunzi-Rapp K, Genze F, Kufer R, Reich E, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE (2001) Chorioallantoic membrane assay: vascularized 3-dimensional cell culture system for human prostate cancer cells as an animal substitute model. J Urol 166(4):1502–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65820-x
Lamichhane SP, Arya N, Kohler E, **ang S, Christensen J, Shastri VP (2016) Recapitulating epithelial tumor microenvironment in vitro using three dimensional tri-culture of human epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells. BMC Cancer 16:581. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2634-1
Langer EM, Allen-Petersen BL, King SM, Kendsersky ND, Turnidge MA, Kuziel GM et al (2019) Modeling tumor phenotypes in vitro with three-dimensional bioprinting. Cell Rep 26(3):608–23 e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.090
Lee J, You JH, Shin D, Roh JL (2020) Ex vivo culture of head and neck cancer explants in cell sheet for testing chemotherapeutic sensitivity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 146(10):2497–2507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03306-7
Longati P, Jia X, Eimer J, Wagman A, Witt MR, Rehnmark S et al (2013) 3D pancreatic carcinoma spheroids induce a matrix-rich, chemoresistant phenotype offering a better model for drug testing. BMC Cancer 13:95. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-95
Lovitt CJ, Shelper TB, Avery VM (2013) Miniaturized three-dimensional cancer model for drug evaluation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 11(7):435–448. https://doi.org/10.1089/adt.2012.483
Lovitt CJ, Shelper TB, Avery VM (2014) Advanced cell culture techniques for cancer drug discovery. Biology (Basel) 3(2):345–367. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology3020345
Marar C, Starich B, Wirtz D (2021) Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression. Nat Immunol 22(5):560–570. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00899-0
Martinez-Pacheco S, O’Driscoll L (2021) Pre-clinical in vitro models used in cancer research: results of a worldwide survey. Cancers (Basel) 13(23):6033. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13236033
Mazzaglia C, Sheng Y, Rodrigues LN, Lei IM, Shields JD, Huang YYS (2023) Deployable extrusion bioprinting of compartmental tumoroids with cancer associated fibroblasts for immune cell interactions. Biofabrication 15(2):025005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/acb1db
Melissaridou S, Wiechec E, Magan M, Jain MV, Chung MK, Farnebo L et al (2019) The effect of 2D and 3D cell cultures on treatment response, EMT profile and stem cell features in head and neck cancer. Cancer Cell Int 19:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-019-0733-1
Meng Q, Wu D, Zhang G, Qiu H (2006) Direct self-assembly of hepatocytes spheroids within hollow fibers in presence of collagen. Biotechnol Lett 28(4):279–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-005-5531-2
Merlos Rodrigo MA, Casar B, Michalkova H, Jimenez Jimenez AM, Heger Z, Adam V (2021) Extending the applicability of in Ovo and ex Ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays to study cytostatic activity in neuroblastoma cells. Front Oncol 11:707366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.707366
Miri AK, Nieto D, Iglesias L, Goodarzi Hosseinabadi H, Maharjan S, Ruiz-Esparza GU et al (2018) Microfluidics-enabled multimaterial maskless stereolithographic bioprinting. Adv Mater 30(27):e1800242. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800242
Moreno-Jimenez I, Hulsart-Billstrom G, Lanham SA, Janeczek AA, Kontouli N, Kanczler JM et al (2016) The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay for the study of human bone regeneration: a refinement animal model for tissue engineering. Sci Rep 6:32168. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32168
Nairuz T, Mahmud Z, Manik RK, Kabir Y (2023) Cancer stem cells: an insight into the development of metastatic tumors and therapy resistance. Stem Cell Rev Rep 19(6):1577–1595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-023-10529-x
Ning L, Shim J, Tomov ML, Liu R, Mehta R, Mingee A et al (2022) A 3D bioprinted in vitro model of Neuroblastoma recapitulates dynamic tumor-endothelial cell interactions contributing to solid tumor aggressive behavior. Adv Sci (Weinh) 9(23):e2200244. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202200244
Parodi I, Di Lisa D, Pastorino L, Scaglione S, Fato MM (2023) 3D bioprinting as a powerful technique for recreating the tumor microenvironment. Gels 9(6):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9060482
Parrish AR, Sallam K, Nyman DW, Orozco J, Cress AE, Dalkin BL et al (2002) Culturing precision-cut human prostate slices as an in vitro model of prostate pathobiology. Cell Biol Toxicol 18(3):205–219. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015567805460
Parrish J, Lim KS, Baer K, Hooper GJ, Woodfield TBF (2018) A 96-well microplate bioreactor platform supporting individual dual perfusion and high-throughput assessment of simple or biofabricated 3D tissue models. Lab Chip 18(18):2757–2775. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8lc00485d
Patra B, Peng CC, Liao WH, Lee CH, Tung YC (2016) Drug testing and flow cytometry analysis on a large number of uniform sized tumor spheroids using a microfluidic device. Sci Rep 6:21061. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21061
Paull KD, Shoemaker RH, Hodes L, Monks A, Scudiero DA, Rubinstein L et al (1989) Display and analysis of patterns of differential activity of drugs against human tumor cell lines: development of mean graph and COMPARE algorithm. J Natl Cancer Inst 81(14):1088–1092. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/81.14.1088
Petreus T, Cadogan E, Hughes G, Smith A, Pilla Reddy V, Lau A et al (2021) Tumour-on-chip microfluidic platform for assessment of drug pharmacokinetics and treatment response. Commun Biol 4(1):1001. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02526-y
Pickl M, Ries CH (2009) Comparison of 3D and 2D tumor models reveals enhanced HER2 activation in 3D associated with an increased response to trastuzumab. Oncogene 28(3):461–468. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2008.394
Priwitaningrum DL, Blonde JG, Sridhar A, van Baarlen J, Hennink WE, Storm G et al (2016) Tumor stroma-containing 3D spheroid arrays: a tool to study nanoparticle penetration. J Control Release 244(Pt B):257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.004
Regmi S, Poudel C, Adhikari R, Luo KQ (2022) Applications of microfluidics and organ-on-a-Chip in cancer research. Biosensors (Basel) 12(7):459. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070459
Reid JA, Mollica PA, Johnson GD, Ogle RC, Bruno RD, Sachs PC (2016) Accessible bioprinting: adaptation of a low-cost 3D-printer for precise cell placement and stem cell differentiation. Biofabrication 8(2):025017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/2/025017
Reid JA, Mollica PA, Bruno RD, Sachs PC (2018) Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform. Breast Cancer Res 20(1):122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4
Reid JA, Palmer XL, Mollica PA, Northam N, Sachs PC, Bruno RD (2019) A 3D bioprinter platform for mechanistic analysis of tumoroids and chimeric mammary organoids. Sci Rep 9(1):7466. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43922-z
Rider P, Kacarevic ZP, Alkildani S, Retnasingh S, Barbeck M (2018) Bioprinting of tissue engineering scaffolds. J Tissue Eng 9:2041731418802090. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041731418802090
Rizvanov AA, Yalvac ME, Shafigullina AK, Salafutdinov II, Blatt NL, Sahin F et al (2010) Interaction and self-organization of human mesenchymal stem cells and neuro-blastoma SH-SY5Y cells under co-culture conditions: a novel system for modeling cancer cell micro-environment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 76(2):253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.012
Roy PS, Saikia BJ (2016) Cancer and cure: a critical analysis. Indian J Cancer 53(3):441–442. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.200658
Sailer V, von Amsberg G, Duensing S, Kirfel J, Lieb V, Metzger E et al (2023) Experimental in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models in prostate cancer research. Nat Rev Urol 20(3):158–178. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-022-00677-z
Seidlitz T, Merker SR, Rothe A, Zakrzewski F, von Neubeck C, Grutzmann K et al (2019) Human gastric cancer modelling using organoids. Gut 68(2):207–217. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314549
Selby M, Delosh R, Laudeman J, Ogle C, Reinhart R, Silvers T et al (2017) 3D models of the NCI60 cell lines for screening oncology compounds. SLAS Discov 22(5):473–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/2472555217697434
Steinberg E, Friedman R, Goldstein Y, Friedman N, Beharier O, Demma JA et al (2023) A fully 3D-printed versatile tumor-on-a-chip allows multi-drug screening and correlation with clinical outcomes for personalized medicine. Commun Biol 6(1):1157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05531-5
Tebon PJ, Wang B, Markowitz AL, Davarifar A, Tsai BL, Krawczuk P et al (2023) Drug screening at single-organoid resolution via bioprinting and interferometry. Nat Commun 14(1):3168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38832-8
Umar SM, Patra S, Kashyap A, Dev JRA, Kumar L, Prasad CP (2022) Quercetin impairs HuR-driven progression and migration of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Nutr Cancer 74(4):1497–1510. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1952628
Upreti M, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Koonce NA, Webber JS, Sharma SK, Asea AA et al (2011) Tumor-endothelial cell three-dimensional spheroids: new aspects to enhance radiation and drug therapeutics. Transl Oncol 4(6):365–376. https://doi.org/10.1593/tlo.11187
Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Vatsiou A, Jamin Y, Fernandez-Mateos J, Khan K et al (2018) Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Science 359(6378):920–926. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2774
Walker C, Mojares E, Del Rio HA (2018) Role of extracellular matrix in development and cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci 19(10):3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103028
Wang X, Li X, Dai X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xu T et al (2018) Coaxial extrusion bioprinted shell-core hydrogel microfibers mimic glioma microenvironment and enhance the drug resistance of cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 171:291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.042
Worsdorfer P, Dalda N, Kern A, Kruger S, Wagner N, Kwok CK et al (2019) Generation of complex human organoid models including vascular networks by incorporation of mesodermal progenitor cells. Sci Rep 9(1):15663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52204-7
Xu F, Celli J, Rizvi I, Moon S, Hasan T, Demirci U (2011) A three-dimensional in vitro ovarian cancer coculture model using a high-throughput cell patterning platform. Biotechnol J 6(2):204–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201000340
Xu X, Farach-Carson MC, Jia X (2014) Three-dimensional in vitro tumor models for cancer research and drug evaluation. Biotechnol Adv 32(7):1256–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.009
Xu K, Han Y, Huang Y, Wei P, Yin J, Jiang J (2022) The application of 3D bioprinting in urological diseases. Mater Today Bio 16:100388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100388
Yakavets I, Francois A, Benoit A, Merlin JL, Bezdetnaya L, Vogin G (2020) Advanced co-culture 3D breast cancer model for investigation of fibrosis induced by external stimuli: optimization study. Sci Rep 10(1):21273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78087-7
Yang H, Yang KH, Narayan RJ, Ma S (2021) Laser-based bioprinting for multilayer cell patterning in tissue engineering and cancer research. Essays Biochem 65(3):409–416. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20200093
Yoon WH, Lee HR, Kim S, Kim E, Ku JH, Shin K et al (2020) Use of inkjet-printed single cells to quantify intratumoral heterogeneity. Biofabrication 12(3):035030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab9491
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Hu Q, Luo H, Lu B, Gao Y et al (2022) 3D bioprinted GelMA-nanoclay hydrogels induce colorectal cancer stem cells through activating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Small 18(18):e2200364. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202200364
Acknowledgments
This work is part of the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant № 21-74-10021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gilazieva, Z.E., Kitaeva, K.V., Issa, S., Solovyeva, V.V., Blatt, N.L., Rizvanov, A.A. (2024). Exploring Current In Vitro Models for Cancer Research. In: Interdisciplinary Cancer Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/16833_2024_268
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/16833_2024_268
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham