Abstract
Due to the increasing channel capacity of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, we herein propose a multilevel modulated chaotic encryption method to allow belief propagation (BP) decoding in massive MIMO systems. The proposed scheme was reconstructed based on a previous scheme: binary modulated chaotic encryption for allowing BP decoding. In the encryption method of the proposed scheme, constellation points in general multilevel modulation were encrypted by rotating them by an arbitrary angle using chaos rules. Numerical results showed that the proposed scheme has high performance with regard to the bit error ratio and security. Thus, the proposed scheme could be practical and may also increase the channel capacity of massive MIMO systems using chaotic encryption.
REFERENCES
T. L. Marzetta, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 9, 3590–3600 (2010).
F. Rusek, D. Persson, B. K. Lau, et al., IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 30, 40–60 (2013).
E. Telatar, Eur. Trans. Telecomm. 10, 585–595 (1999).
L. Lu, G. Y. Li, A. L. Swindlehurst, et al., IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process. 8, 742–758 (2014).
S. Yang and L. Hanzo, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts. 17, 1941–1988 (2015).
B. Araújo, T. Maksymyuk, A. L. F. Almeida, et al., IET Commun. 10, 1938–1946 (2016).
J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications (McGraw-Hill Education, Fourth edition, 2001).
T. H. Im, J. Kim, and Y. S. Cho, “A low complexity QRM-MLD for MIMO systems,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technol. Conf. (VTC), Apr. 2007 (IEEE, New York, 2007), pp. 2243–2247.
H. Kawai, K. Higuchi, N. Maeda, et al., IEICE Trans. Commun. E88-B, pp. 47–57 (2005).
M. Wu, C. Dick, J. R. Cavallaro, et al., “Iterative detection and decoding in 3GPP LTE-based massive MIMO systems,” in Proc. Eur. Signal Processing Conf. (EUSIPCO), Sept. 2014 (EUSIPCO, 2014).
S. Ahmed and S. Kim, IET Commun. 9, 2107–2113 (2015).
S. Yoon, IEICE Trans. Commun. B E98, 890–896 (2015).
F. C. K. Ngayahala, S. Ahmed, D. M. S. Bhatti, et al., J. Commun. Technol. Electron. 62, 1248–1254 (2017).
P. Som, T. Datta, A. Chockalingam, et al., “Improved large-MIMO detection based on damped belief propagation,” in Proc. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, Jan. 2010, (IEEE, New York, 2010), pp. 1–5.
W. Fukuda, T. Abiko, T. Nishimura, et al., “Low-complexity detection based on belief propagation in a massive MIMO system,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technol. Conf. (VTC), June 2013 (IEEE, New York, 2013).
T. Usami, T. Nishimura, T. Ohgane, et al., “BP-based detection of spatially multiplexed 16-QAM signals in a fully massive MIMO system,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Computing, Networking and Commun. (ICNC), Feb. 2016 (ICNC, 2016).
J. Yang, C. Zhang, X. Liang, et al., “Improved symbol-based belief propagation detection for large-scale MIMO,” in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS), Oct. 2015 (SiPS, 2015).
T. Takahashi, S. Ibi, S. Sampei, et al., “On normalization of matched filter belief in GaBP for large MIMO detection,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC), Sept. 2016. (VTC, 2016).
M. Bloch and J. Barros, Physical-Layer Security (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
L. Dong, Z. Han, A. P. Petropulu, et al., IEEE Trans. on Signal Process. 58, 1875–1888 (2009).
Y. Shiu, S. Chang, H. Wu, et al., IEEE Wireless Commun. 18, 66–74 (2011).
T. L. Carroll and L. M. Pecora, IEEE Trans. Cir. Sys. 38, 453–456 (1991).
G. Kaddoum M. Vu, and F. Gagnon, “Performance analysis of differential chaotic shift keying communications in MIMO systems,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), May, 2011. (ISCAS, 2011).
H. Lu, L. Zhang, and M. Jiang, IEEE Commun. Lett. 19, 1726–1729 (2015).
B. Okamoto, IEICE Trans. Commun. E95-B, 1384–1392 (2012).
K. Sakoda, H. Hata, and S. Hata, JCTE 65, 172–175 (2020).
K. Sakoda, H. Hata, and S. Hata, IEICE Trans. Commun. J105-B, 535–542 (2022).
Funding
The work was supported by the Telecommunications Advancement Foundation, Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sakoda, K. Multilevel Modulated Chaotic Encryption and Belief Propagation Decoding. J. Commun. Technol. Electron. 68, 454–459 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064226923040137
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064226923040137