SpringerLink
Log in

The Status and Distributions of the Wild Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) in Muğla Province and Its Islands under Global Climate Change

  • BOTANY
  • Published:
Biology Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The olive is an economically important and indispensable species of the Mediterranean basin with remarkable historic and cultural significance. Wild olives constitute a priceless reservoir of genetic diversity which has great value for olive breeding and conservation programs. However, global climate changes especially global warming is expected to threaten olive cultivation in future causing large economic loses in the region. Therefore, knowledge about distribution and abundance of wild olive populations is important to maximize their conservation, safeguard, and exploitation. Muğla province, where the wild olives make up an important part of the vegetation, is one of the main olive producing area in Turkey with many towns and villages dependent on the olive. In this study, our aim is to examine the current geographical distribution and density of wild olive populations in this province and the 82 islands around its coast. The results demonstrated that young olives, which show good adaptation to region, just have started to expand to the higher parts of the Kavaklıdere district. In addition, in most of the islands wild olives are preserved in their undisturbed natural habitats where they exist as small groves or scattered plants. The results of this study provides important insights for the conservation of wild olive genetic resources. The data reported here, are based on actual field data thus the geographic coverage tends to be complete and consistent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

REFERENCES

  1. Baldoni, L., Pellegrini, M., Mencuccini, M., and Angiolillo A., Genetic relationships among cultivated and wild olives revealed by AFLP markers, Acta Hortic., 2000, vol. 521, pp. 275–283. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.521.30

  2. Baldoni, L., Tosti, N., Ricciolini, C., Belaj, A., Arcioni, S., Panelli, G., Germana, M.A., Mulas, M., and Porceddu, A., Genetic structure of wild and cultivated olives in the central Mediterranean basin, Ann. Bot., 2006, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Barranco, D., Cimato, A., Fiorino, P., Rallo, L., Touzani, A., Castaneda., Serafn, F., and Truhillo, I., World catalogue of olive varieties, International Olive Oil Council, Madrid, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Beghe, D., Piotti, A., Satovic, Z., de la Rosa, R., and Belaj, A., Pollen-mediated gene flow and fine scale spatial genetic structure in Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris, Ann. Bot., 2017, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Besnard, G. and Berville, A., Multiple origins for Mediterranean olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. europaea) based upon mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms, CR Acad Sci III, 2000, vol. 323, pp. 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(00)00118-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Besnard, G., Baradat, P., Breton, C., Khadari, B., and Berville, A., Olive domestication from structure of oleasters and cultivars using RAPDs and Mitochondrial RFLP, Genet. Sel. Evol., 2001a, vol. 33, pp. 251–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Besnard, G., Baradat, P., and Berville, A., Genetic relationships in the olive (Oleae europaea L.) reflect multilocal selection of cultivars, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2001b, vol. 102, pp. 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Besnard, G., Rubio de Casas, R., and Vargas, P., Plastid and nuclear DNA polymorphism reveals historical processes of isolation and reticulation in the olive tree complex (Olea europaea), J. Biogeogr., 2007, vol. 34, pp. 736–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01653.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Besnard, G., El Bakkali, A., Haouane, H., Baali-Cherif, D., Moukhli, A., and Khadari, B., Population Genetics of Mediterranean and Saharan olives: Geographic patterns of differentiation and evidence for early generations of admixture, Ann. Bot., 2013, vol. 112, pp. 1293–1302. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Braun-Blanquet J., Plant Sociology, New York, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Breton, C., Pinatel, C., Medail, F., Bonhomme, F., and Berville, A., Comparison between classical and Bayesian methods to investigate the history of olive cultivars using SSR-polymorphisms, Plant Sci., 2008, vol. 175, pp. 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.05.025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bronzini de Caraffa, V., Maury, J., Gambotti, C., Breton, C., Berville, A., and Giannettini J., Mitochondrial DNA variation and RAPD mark oleasters, olive and feral olive from Western and Eastern Mediterranean, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2002, vol. 104, pp. 1209–1216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-0883-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Claros, M.G., Crespillo, R., Aguilar, M. L., and Canovas F. M., DNA fingerprinting and classification of geographically related genotypes of olive-tree (Olea europaea L.), Euphytica, 2000, vol. 116, pp. 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004011829274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Contento, A., Ceccarelli, M., Gelati, M.T., Maggini, F., Baldoni, L., and Cionini P.G., Diversity of Olea genotypes and the origin of cultivated olives, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2002, vol. 104, pp. 1229–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-001-0799-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Davis, P.H., Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2001, vol. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  16. De Melo-Abreu, J.P., Barranco, D., Cordeiro, A.M., Tous, J., Rogado, B.M., and Villalobos, F.J., Modelling olive flowering date using chilling for dormancy release and thermal time, Agric. For. Meteorol., 2004, vol. 125, pp. 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.02.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Diaz, A., Martin, A., Rallo P., Barranco, D., and Rosa, R.D.L., Self–incompatibility of ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Picual’ olive assessed by SSR markers, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 2006, vol. 131, pp. 250–255. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.131.2.250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Diez, C., Trujillo, I., Barrio, E., Belaj, A., Diego, B., and Rallo, L., Centennial olive trees as a reservoir of genetic diversity, Ann. Bot., 2011, vol. 108, pp. 797–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr194

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe and the Nile Valley, Zohary, D. and Hopf, M., Eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Doveri, S., Gil, F.S., Díaz, A., Reale, S., Busconi, M., Arthur da Camara, M., Martin, A., Foger, C., Donini, P., and Lee, D., Standardization of a set of microsatellite markers for use in cultivar identification studies in olive (Olea europaea L.), Sci. Hortic., 2008, vol. 116, pp. 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.02.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Erre, P., Chessa, I., Díez, C., Belaj, A., Rallo, L., and Trujillo, I., Genetic diversity and relationships between wild and cultivated olives (Olea europaea L.) in Sardinia as assessed by SSR markers, Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 2010, vol. 57, pp. 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9449-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Falek, W., Sion, S., Montemurro, C., Mascio, I., Gadaleta, S., Fanelli, V., Savoia, M.A., Piarulli, L., Beckhri, S., Douadi, K., and Miazzi, M.M., Molecular diversity and ecogeographic distribution of Algerian wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris), Sci. Agric., 2022, vol. 79, p. e20200308. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2020-0308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Dataset, Rome, Italy: FAO, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fraga, H., Moriondo, M., Leolini, L., and Santos, J.A., Mediterranean olive orchards under climate change: a review of future impacts and adaptation strategies, Agronomy, 2021, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Guerin, J., Collins, G., and Sedgley, M., Selection and breeding of olive cultivars, Outlook Agric., 2000, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 269–274. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000000101293338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Herrera, C.M., Plant–vertebrate seed dispersal systems in the Mediterranean: Ecological, evolutionary and historical determinants, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 1995, vol. 26, pp. 705–727. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Heywood, V.H., Flowering Plants of the World, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Lopez-Yerena, A., Ninot, A., Lozano-Castellón, J., Escribano-Ferrer, E., Romero-Aroca, A.J., Belaj, A., and Vallverdu-Quearalt, A., Conservation of native wild Ivory-White Olives from the MEDES Islands Natural Reserve to maintain virgin olive oil diversity, Antioxidants, 2020, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Lumaret, R., Ouazzani, N., Michaud, H., and Villemur, P., Cultivated olive and oleaster: two very closely connected partners of the same species (Olea europaea). Evidence from enzyme polymorphism, Bocconea, 1997, vol. 7, pp. 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lumaret, R., Ouazzani, N., Michaud, H., Vivier, G., Deguilloux, M.F., and Di Giusto F., Allozyme variation of oleaster populations (wild olive tree) (Oleae uropaea L.) in the Mediterranean basin, Heredity (Edinb), 2004, vol. 92, pp. 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mckey, D., Elias, M., Pujol, B., and Duputié, A., The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants, New Phytol., 2010, vol. 186, pp. 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03210.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mulas, M. and Diedda, P., Domestication of woody plants from Mediterranean maquis to promote new crops for mountain lands, Acta Hortic., 1998, vol. 457, pp. 295–302. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.457.37

  33. Nikoumanesh, K., Ebadi, A., Zeinalabedini, M., and Gogorcena, Y., Morphological and molecular variability in some Iranian almond genotypes and related Prunus species and their potentials for rootstock breeding, Sci. Hortic., 2011, vol. 129, pp. 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Olives, Therios, I.N., Ed., Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Orlandi, F., Ruga, L., Romano, B., and Fornaciari, M., Olive flowering as an indicator of local climatic changes, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 2005, vol. 81, pp. 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0120-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Orlandi, F., Rojo, J., Picornell, R.A, Oteros, J., Pérez-Badia, R., and Fornaciari, M., Impact of climate change on olive crop production in Italy, Atmosphere, 2020, vol. 11, p. 595. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ouazzani, N., Lumaret, R., Villemur, P., and Di Giusto, F., Leaf allozyme variation in cultivated and wild olive trees (Olea europaea L.), J. Hered., 1993, vol. 84, pp. 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Oybak, G., Muğla’nın Karya bölgesi sınırları içindeki yörelerde eski çağlarda ve günümüzde zeytinyağı üretiminin ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel boyutu ile incelenmesi. Department of Archeology, MSc Thesis, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Turkey, 2005.

  39. Ozdogan, M., and Basgelen, N., Türkiye’de Neolitik dönem, Istanbul, Turkey: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ozturk, M., Altay, V., Gönenç, T.M., Unal, B.T., Efe, R., Akçiçek, E., and Bukhari, A., An overview of olive cultivation in Turkey: Botanical features, eco-physiology and phytochemical aspects, Agronomy, 2021, vol. 11, p. 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Özkaya, M.T., Ulaş, M., and Çakır, E., Zeytin ağacı ve zeytin yetiştiriciliği, in Zeytinyağı, Göğüş, F., Özkaya, M.T., and Ötleş, S., Eds., Ankara, Turkey: Eflatun Yayınevi, 2008, pp. 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Pinillos, V. and Cuevas, J., Open-pollination provides sufficient levels of cross–pollen in Spanish monovarietal olive orchards, Hortscience, 2009, vol. 44, pp. 499–502. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.2.499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ponti, L., Gutierrez, A.P., Ruti, P.M., and Dell’Aquila, A., Fine-scale ecological and economic assessment of climate change on olive in the Mediterranean basin reveals winners and losers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2014, vol. 111, pp. 5598–5603. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314437111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Sedgley, M., Wild Olive Selection for Quality Oil Production, A Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, ACT: RIRDC Publication, 2004, no. 04/101.

  45. Sorkheh, K., Shiran, B., Rouhi, V., Asadi, E., Jahanbazi, H., Moradi, H., Gradziel, T.M., and Martinez Gomez, P., Phenotypic diversity within native Iranian almond (Prunus spp.) species and their breeding potential, Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 2009, vol. 56, pp. 947–961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9413-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. TUIK, Statistics of Plant Production, Turkish Statistics Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 2008. http://www.tuik.gov.tr.

  47. Yoruk, B. and Taskin, V., Genetic diversity and relationships of wild and cultivated olives in Turkey, Plant Syst. Evol., 2014, vol. 300, pp. 1247–1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1002-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Zohary, D., and Spiegel-Roy, P., Beginnings of fruit growing in the Old World: olive, grape, date, and fig emerge as important Bronze Age additions to grain agriculture in the Near East, Science, 1975, vol. 187, pp. 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.187.4174.319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to tourism consultant Vahap Akkaya (Yerli Yatçılık, Marmaris/Turkey) for his professional guidance and arrangements of the transportation of the project team to the islands. We would like to thank MSc students Ertuğrul Güngör and Abdul-Waris Mohammed Awal for their contributions to the studies in the islands. We also thank Prof. Dr. Ummuhan Gökovali for her assistance with the statistics used.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (-TUBITAK-KBAG), project no. 119Z991.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University, 48100, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey

    Belgin Gocmen Taskin & Vatan Taskin

  2. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Köyceğiz Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Muğla, Turkey

    Kenan Akbaş

Authors
  1. Belgin Gocmen Taskin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vatan Taskin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kenan Akbaş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Belgin Gocmen Taskin.

Ethics declarations

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

This work does not contain any studies involving human and animal subjects.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note.

Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Belgin Gocmen Taskin, Taskin, V. & Akbaş, K. The Status and Distributions of the Wild Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) in Muğla Province and Its Islands under Global Climate Change. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023606419

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023606419

Key words:

Search

Navigation