Abstract
In this study, the physiological and developmental response of ten promising almond genotypes to deficit irrigation was investigated. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications during 2019 and 2020 at the Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Research Institute. The first factor was ten almond genotypes, and the second factor was three levels of drought stress (–0.33 MPa as a control, 0.9 and 1.6 MPa as moderate and severe stress, respectively). The results showed that growth and physiological characteristics, such as plant height, trunk diameter at the top of the plant, length of new branch growth, and leaf yellowness, as well as chlorophyll index based on the SPAD criterion, relative leaf water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and activity of leaf enzymes including SOD, POD, CAT, and APX, varied among the ten almond genotypes under different levels of drought stress. Higher proline, RWC, and Fv/Fm values indicated a higher ability to tolerate drought stress in almonds. The study conducted a heatmap clustering analysis to classify 10 almond genotypes based on their response to drought stress. The results showed that the genotypes were divided into three groups, with two genotypes in the first group being more sensitive to drought stress. Also, the A-7-100 genotype in the third group was found to be more tolerant and adapted to drought stress than the other genotypes.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1021443723601751/MediaObjects/11183_2023_8675_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1134%2FS1021443723601751/MediaObjects/11183_2023_8675_Fig2_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Haider, M.S., Kurjogi, M.M., Khalil-ur-Rehman, M., Pervez, T., Songtao, J., Fiaz, M., Jogaiah, S., Wang, C., and Fang, J., Drought stress revealed physiological, biochemical and gene-expressional variations in ‘Yoshihime’ peach (Prunus persica L) cultivar, J. Plant Interact., 2018, vol. 13, p. 83. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1432772
Khoyerdi, F.F., Shamshiri, M.H., and Estaji, A., Changes in some physiological and osmotic parameters of several pistachio genotypes under drought stress, Sci. Hortic., 2016, vol. 198, p. 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.11.028
Ferioun, M., Srhiouar, N., Bouhraoua, S., El Ghachtouli, N., and Louahlia, S., Physiological and biochemical changes in moroccan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars submitted to drought stress, Heliyon, 2023, vol. 9, p. 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13643
FAO, World Food and Agriculture—Statistical Yearbook, 2021.
Alotaibi, B.A., Baig, M.B., Najim, M.M.M., Shah, A.A., and Alamri, Y.A., Water scarcity management to ensure food scarcity through sustainable water resources management in Saudi Arabia, Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, p. 10648.
Fang, Y. and **ong, L., General mechanisms of drought response and their application in drought resistance improvement in plants, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2015, vol. 72, p. 673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1767-0
Gerbi, H., Paudel, I., Zisovich, A., Sapir, G., Ben-Dor, S., and Klein, T., Physiological drought resistance mechanisms in wild species vs. rootstocks of almond and plum, Trees – Structure and Function, 2022, vol. 36, p. 669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02238-0
Nguyen, H.T., Meir, P., Sack, L., Evans, J.R., Oliveira, R.S., and Ball, M.C., Leaf water storage increases with salinity and aridity in the mangrove Avicennia marina: Integration of leaf structure, osmotic adjustment and access to multiple water sources, Plant, Cell Environ., 2017, vol. 40, p. 1576.
dos Santos, T.B., Ribas, A.F., de Souza, S.G.H., Budzinski, I.G.F., and Domingues, D.S., Physiological responses to drought, salinity, and heat stress in plants: A review, Stresses, 2022, vol. 2, p. 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses2010009
Rouhi, V., Samson, R., Lemeur, R., and Damme, P.Van., Photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics in three different almond species during drought stress and subsequent recovery, Environ. Exp. Bot., 2007, vol. 59, p. 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.10.001
Vitagliano, C. and Sebastiani, L., Physiological and biochemical remarks on environmental stress in olive (Olea europaea L.), Acta Hort., 2002, vol. 14, p. 435. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.586.89
Martínez-García, P.J., Hartung, J., de los Cobos, F.P., Martínez-García, P., Jalili, S., Sánchez-Roldán, J.M., Rubio, M., Dicenta, F., and Martínez-Gómez, P., Temporal response to drought stress in several prunus rootstocks and wild species, Agronomy, 2020, vol. 10, p. 1383. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091383
Jiménez, S., Dridi, J., Gutiérrez, D., Moret, D., Irigoyen, J.J., Moreno, M.A., and Gogorcena, Y., Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses in four prunus rootstocks submitted to drought stress, Tree Physiol., 2013, vol. 33, p. 1061. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt074
Rabbani, M. and Kazemi, F., Water need and water use efficiency of two plant species in soil-containing and soilless substrates under green roof conditions, J. Environ. Manage., 2022, vol. 302, p. 113950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113950
Gindaba, J., Rozanov, A., and Negash, L., Response of seedlings of two eucalyptus and three deciduous tree species from Ethiopia to severe water stress, For. Ecol. Manage., 2004, vol. 201, p. 119.
Gholizadeh, A., Amin, M.S.M., Anuar, A.R., and Aimrun, W., Evaluation of SPAD chlorophyll meter in two different rice growth stages and its temporal variability, Eur. J. Sci. Res., 2009, vol. 37, p. 591.
Baker, N.R., and Rosenqvist, E., Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: An examination of future possibilities, J. Exp. Bot., 2004, vol. 55, p. 1607. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh196
Yang, C.M., Chang, K.W., Yin, M.H., and Huang, H.M., Methods for the determination of the chlorophylls and their derivatives, Taiwania, 1998, vol. 43, p. 116. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.1998.43(2).116
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Wellburn, A.R., Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1983, vol. 11, p. 591. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0110591
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., and Teare, I.D., Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies, Plant Soil, 1973, vol. 39, p. 205.
Masomi, S.H., Imani, A., Seyfzade, S., and Zakerin, H.R., Effect of drought-induced stress by PEG6000 on physiological and morphological traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed germination in order to assortment of drought tolerant cultivars, J. Plant Process Function, 2023, vol. 11, p. 1.
Aebi, H.E., Catalase, Methods Enzym. Anal., 1983, p. 673. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-091302-2.50032-3
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K., Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts, Plant Cell Physiol., 1981, vol. 22, p. 867. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232
Polle, A., Otter, T., and Seifert, F., Apoplastic peroxidases and lignification in needles of norway spruce (Picea abies L.), Plant Physiol., 1994, vol. 106, p. 53. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.1.53
Kovalikova, Z., Jiroutova, P., Toman, J., DobroVolna, D., and Drbohlavova, L., Physiological responses of apple and cherry in vitro culture under different levels of drought stress, Agronomy, 2020, vol. 10, p. 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111689
Rigling, A., Brühlhart, H., Bräker, O.U., Forster, T., and Schweingruber, F.H., Effects of irrigation on diameter growth and vertical resin duct production in Pinus sylvestris L. on dry sites in the Central Alps, Switzerland, For. Ecol. Manage., 2003, vol. 175, p. 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00136-6
Sinha, R., Zandalinas, S.I., Fichman, Y., Sen, S., Zen-g, S., Gómez-Cadenas, A., Joshi, T., Fritschi, F.B., and Mittler, R., Differential regulation of flower transpiration during abiotic stress in annual plants, New Phytol., 2022, vol. 235, p. 611. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18162
Zokaee-Khosroshahi, M., Esna-Ashari, M., Ershadi, A., and Imani, A., Morphological changes in response to drought stress in cultivated and wild almond species, Int. J. Hortic. Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 1, p. 79. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2014.50520
Schlemmer, M.R., Francis, D.D., Shanahan, J.F., and Schepers, J.S., Remotely measuring chlorophyll content in corn leaves with differing nitrogen levels and relative water content, Agron. J., 2005, vol. 97, p. 106. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0106
Alkahtani, M.D.F., Hafez, Y.M., Attia, K., Rashwan, E., Husnain, L.Al, Algwaiz, H.I.M., and Abdelaal, K.A.A., Evaluation of silicon and proline application on the oxidative machinery in drought-stressed sugar beet, Antioxidants, 2021, vol. 10, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030398
Zhao, W., Liu, L., Shen, Q., Yang, J., Han, X., Tian, F., and Wu, J., Effects of water stress on photosynthesis, yield, and water use efficiency in winter wheat, Water, 2020, vol. 12, p. 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/W12082127
Zhang, R.R., Wang, Y.H., Li, T., Tan, G.F., Tao, J.P., Su, X.J., Xu, Z.S., Tian, Y.S., and **ong, A.S., Effects of simulated drought stress on carotenoid contents and expression of related genes in carrot taproots, Protoplasma, 2021, vol. 258, p. 379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01570-5
Badr, A. and Brüggemann, W., Comparative analysis of drought stress response of maize genotypes using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and leaf relative water content, Photosynthetica, 2020, vol. 58, p. 638. https://doi.org/10.32615/ps.2020.014
Piper, F.I., Corcuera, L.J., Alberdi, M., and Lusk, C., Differential photosynthetic and survival responses to soil drought in two evergreen nothofagus species, Ann. For. Sci., 2007, vol. 64, p. 447. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007022
Jamalluddin, N., Massawe, F.J., Mayes, S., Ho, W.K., Singh, A., and Symonds, R.C., Physiological screening for drought tolerance traits in vegetable amaranth (Ama-ranthus tricolor) Germplasm, Agriculture, 2021, vol. 11, p. 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100994
Mukhopadhyay, S., Dutta, R., and Dhara, A., Assessment of air pollution tolerance index of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack in Kolkata Metro City, West Bengal, India, Urban Climate, 2021, vol. 39, p. 100977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100977
Arzani, K., Yadollahi, A., Ebadi, A., and Wirthensohn, M., The relationship between bitterness and drought resistance of almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.), Afr. J. Agric. Res., 2010, vol. 5, p. 861. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR.9000725
Chaudhry, U.K., Gökçe, Z.N.Ö., and Gökçe, A.F., Drought and salt stress effects on biochemical changes and gene expression of photosystem II and catalase genes in selected onion cultivars, Biologia, 2021, vol. 76, p. 3107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00827-5
Wang, W.B., Kim, Y.H., Lee, H.S., Kim, K.Y., Deng, X.P., and Kwak, S.S., Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity during germination of alfalfa under salt and drought stresses, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2009, vol. 47, p. 570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.02.009
Sadat-Hosseini, M., Naeimi, A., Boroomand, N., Aalifar, M., and Farajpour, M., Alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on roselle plants by green synthesized nanoparticles, Sci. Rep., 2022, vol. 12, p. 18165. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22903-9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants as objects of research.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gohari, S., Imani, A., Talaei, A.R. et al. Physiological Responses of Almond Genotypes to Drought Stress. Russ J Plant Physiol 70, 141 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443723601751
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443723601751