Extended Data Figure 7: Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates across Y/X (W/Z) branches and physical map** of AMHY.
From: Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals
a–d, dS, dN, dN/dS values for all Y/X branches (medians across branches for listed Y genes and their gametologues), or the first (most basal) branches that follow different stratification events and lead to Y and X clades, respectively. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare distributions of Y and X rates. Significant (Benjamini–Hochberg-corrected) P values are shown in red. a, Eutherians, 17 Y genes (SRY/SOX3, RBMY/X, RPS4Y1/X, AMELY/X, DDX3Y/X, EIF1AY/X, PRKY/X, TSPY1/X, USP9Y/X, ZFY/X, UTY/X, EIF2S3Y/X, NLGN4Y/X, KDM5D/C, UBE1Y1/UBA, TMSB4Y/X and Cyorf15/TBL1X). b, Marsupials, 13 genes (ATRY/X, HCFC1Y/X, MECP2Y/X, HUWE1Y/X, RBM10Y/X, RPL10Y/X, TFE3Y/X, THOC2Y/X, KLF8Y/X, HMGB3Y/X, PHF6Y/X, KDM5D/C and UBE1Y1/UBA). c, Monotremes, 17 genes (AMHY/X, FEM1CY/X, AKAP8LY/X, PPP4R2Y/X, MED26Y/X, THAP11Y/X, STK11Y/X, RFX1Y/X, KHSRPY/X, ARF4Y/X, CTCFY/X, MAU2Y/X, PPP1R10Y/X, HNRNPKY/X, DAZAP1Y/X, PRPF4BY/X and SSR1Y/X). d, Chicken, 20 genes (NIPBLW/Z, ATP5A1W/Z, BTF3W/Z, C18orf25W/Z, CHD1W/Z, GOLPH3W/Z, HINT1W/Z, KCMF1W/Z, MIER3W/Z, NEDD4LW/Z, RASA1W/Z, RPL17W/Z, SMAD2W/Z, SPIN1W/Z, ST8SIA3W/Z, UBAP2W/Z, VCPW/Z, ZFRW/Z, ZNF532W/Z and HNRNPKW/Z). e, DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining of male platypus metaphase chromosomes. Chromosome Y5 is minute and the smallest chromosome in platypus. The next smallest chromosomes (Y3, Y4 and X4) are also indicated, for comparison. f, Localization of AMHY gene using FISH. The AMHY PCR probe (green signal) hybridized specifically to chromosome Y5. Error bars, maximum and minimum values, excluding outliers.