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Using a promising biomass-based biochar in photocatalytic degradation: highly impressive performance of RHB/SnO2/Fe3O4 for elimination of AO7

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Abstract

The release of industrial dyes into the environment has recently increased, resulting in harmful effects on people and ecosystems. In recent years, the use of adsorbents in photocatalytic nanocomposites has attracted significant interest due to their low cost, efficiency, and eco-friendly physical and chemical characteristics. Herein, Acid Orange 7 (AO7) removal was investigated by photocatalytic degradation using Rice Rusk Biochar (RHB), Tin (IV) Oxide (SnO2), and Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) as heterogeneous nanocomposite. After the preparation of RHB, the nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). To optimize the elimination of AO7 by the One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) method, effective parameters including mixing ratio (RHB:SnO2:Fe3O4), dye concentration, solution pH, and nanocomposite dose were studied. The results showed that the removal efficiency of AO7 after 120 min under the optimal mixing ratio of 1:1.5:0.6, dye concentration of 75 mg/l, solution pH of 4, and nanocomposite dose of 0.7 g/l was 92.37%. Moreover, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal rates were obtained at 82.22 and 72.22%, respectively. The Average Oxidation State (AOS) and Carbon Oxidation State (COS) of the AO7 solution were increased after the process, indicating biodegradability improvement. Various scavenger effects were studied under optimal conditions, and the results revealed that O2− and H+ reactive species play a crucial role in the photocatalytic degradation of AO7. The reusability and stability of nanocomposite were tested in several consecutive experiments, and the degradation efficiency was reduced from 92 to 79% after five consecutive cycles. It is expected that this research contributes significantly to the utilization of agricultural waste in photocatalytic nanocomposites for the degradation of environmental pollutants.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the M.SC. grant from Tarbiat Modares University and also, thank our colleagues who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.

Funding

This study was supported by an M.SC. grant from Tarbiat Modares University.

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  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-397, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid Sadati

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-397, Tehran, Iran

    Bita Ayati

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All authors participated in designing the experiment, wrote, read and approved the final manuscript. Bita Ayati analyzed the data as well, Hamid Sadati performed the experiments.

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Sadati, H., Ayati, B. Using a promising biomass-based biochar in photocatalytic degradation: highly impressive performance of RHB/SnO2/Fe3O4 for elimination of AO7. Photochem Photobiol Sci 22, 1445–1462 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00389-2

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