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Event plane determination from the zero degree calorimeter at the cooling storage ring external-target experiment

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Abstract

The Cooling Storage Ring external-target experiment (CEE) spectrometer is used to study the nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{_{\mathrm{{NN}}}}}\) =  2.1–2.4 GeV with the aim to reveal the quantum chromodynamics phase structure in the high-baryon-density region. Collective flow is considered an effective probe for evaluating the properties of media during high-energy nuclear collisions. One of the main functions of the zero-degree calorimeter (ZDC), a subdetector system in the CEE, is to determine the reaction plane in heavy-ion collisions. This step is crucial for measuring the collective flow and other reaction-plane-related analyses. In this paper, we illustrate the procedures for event plane determination using the ZDC. Finally, isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model-based predictions of the rapidity dependence of the directed and elliptical flows for p, d, t, \(^3\)He, and \(^4\)He, produced in 2.1 GeV U + U collisions, are presented.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Science Data Bank at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.09132 and https://cstr.cn/31253.11.sciencedb.09132.

Notes

  1. Unlike in the experiment, the centrality here is determined from the impact parameter in the model calculations.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. Li Ou and Zhigang **ao for generating the IQMD data and for fruitful discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Li-Ke Liu, Hua Pei, Ya-** Wang, Biao Zhang, Nu Xu & Shu-Su Shi

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  1. Li-Ke Liu
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  2. Hua Pei
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  3. Ya-** Wang
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, data collection and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Li-Ke Liu and Shu-Su Shi, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shu-Su Shi.

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Nu Xu is an advisory board member for Nuclear Science and Techniques and was not involved in the editorial review, or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that there are no competing interests.

Additional information

This work was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2022YFA1604900 and 2020YFE0202002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12175084, 11890710, 11890711, 11927901), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB34030000), and Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (No. CCNU220N003).

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Liu, LK., Pei, H., Wang, YP. et al. Event plane determination from the zero degree calorimeter at the cooling storage ring external-target experiment. NUCL SCI TECH 34, 100 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01262-8

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