Abstract
The process parameters associated with the additive manufacturing process played a major role in defining the properties of fabricated object. The present study investigates the effect of three different process parameters, i.e. extrusion temperature, layer thickness and build orientation, on tensile strength, compressive strength and hardness of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material printed through fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. Taguchi orthogonal array has been used for the design of experiment. Grey relational analysis has been applied to combine these three targets into one to get the optimum combination of process parameters. Extrusion temperature of 200 °C, layer thickness of 0.2 mm and build orientation of 0° have been found as the optimal process parameters for maximizing the mechanical properties of TPU parts. A body-centred cubic lattice structure has been successfully printed as a case study to determine the suitability of investigated process parameters for fabrication of complex flexible parts using the FFF process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akande SO (2015) Dimensional accuracy and surface finish optimization of fused deposition modelling parts using desirability function analysis. Int J Eng Res Technol V4(04):196–202. https://doi.org/10.17577/ijertv4is040393
Alafaghani A, Qattawi A (2017) Investigating the effect of fused deposition modeling processing parameters using Taguchi design of experiment method. J Manuf Process 2018(36):164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.09.025
Awasthi P, Banerjee SS (2021) Fused deposition modeling of thermoplastic elastomeric materials: challenges and opportunities. Addit Manuf 46:102177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102177
Camposeco-Negrete C (2020) Optimization of printing parameters in fused deposition modeling for improving part quality and process sustainability. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 108(7–8):2131–2147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05555-9
Chaudhry MS, Czekanski A (2020) Evaluating FDM process parameter sensitive mechanical performance of elastomers at various strain rates of loading. Materials 13(14):3202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143202
Chaudhry MS, Czekanski A (2020) Evaluating FDM process parameter sensitive mechanical performance of elastomers at various strain rates of loading. Materials 13(14):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143202
Dar UA, Mian HH, Qadeer A, Abid M, Pasha RA, Bilal M, Sheikh MZ (2020) Experimental and numerical investigation of 3D printed micro-lattice structures for high energy absorption capabilities. Proceedings of 2020 17th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology, IBCAST 2020, pp 162–166
Dixit N, Jain PK (2022) Effect of fused filament fabrication process parameters on compressive strength of thermoplastic polyurethane and polylactic acid lattice structures. J Mater Eng Perform 31:5973–5982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06664-0
Dixit N, Jain PK (2022) Effect of fused filament fabrication process parameters on compressive strength of thermoplastic polyurethane and polylactic acid lattice structures. J Mater Eng Perform. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06664-0
Fediuc DO, Budescu M, Fediuc V, Venghiac V-M (2013) Compression modulus of elastomers. Bull Polytech Inst Jassy 62:157–166
Herzberger J, Sirrine JM, Williams CB, Long TE (2019) Polymer design for 3D printing elastomers: recent advances in structure, properties, and printing. Prog Polym Sci 97:101144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101144
Hohimer C, Christ J, Aliheidari N, Mo C, Ameli A (2017) 3D printed thermoplastic polyurethane with isotropic material properties. Behavior and mechanics of multifunctional materials and composites. SPIE, p 1016511
Jain PK, Pandey PM, Rao PVM (2008) Experimental investigations for improving part strength in selective laser sintering. Virtual Phys Prototyp 3(3):177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452750802065893
Jain PK, Pandey PM, Rao PVM (2009) Effect of delay time on part strength in selective laser sintering. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 43(1–2):117–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1682-3
Jain PK, Pandey PM, Rao PVM (2010) Selective laser sintering of clay-reinforced polyamide. Polym Compos 31(4):732–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20854
Kumar N, Kumar Jain P (2019) Analysing the influence of raster angle, layer thickness and infill rate on the compressive behaviour of EVA through CNC-assisted fused layer modelling process. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219889076
Kumar N, Jain PK, Tandon P, Pandey PM (2017) Investigation on the effects of process parameters in CNC assisted pellet based fused layer modeling process. J Manuf Process 2018(35):428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.029
Liu X, Zhang M, Li S, Si L, Peng J, Hu Y (2017) Mechanical property parametric appraisal of fused deposition modeling parts based on the Gray Taguchi method. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 89(5–8):2387–2397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9263-3
Lu G, Kalyon DM, Yilgör I, Yilgör E (2003) Rheology and extrusion of medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethane. Polym Eng Sci 43(12):1863–1877. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10158
Melenkaa GW, Cheunga BKO, Schofielda JS, Dawsonb MR, Carey JP (2016) Evaluation and prediction of the tensile properties of continuous fiber-reinforced 3D printed structures. Compos Struct 153:866–875
Nabipour M, Akhoundi B (2021) An experimental study of FDM parameters effects on tensile strength, density, and production time of ABS/Cu composites. J Elastomers Plast 53(2):146–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244320916838
Nagendra J, Prasad MSG (2020) FDM process parameter optimization by Taguchi technique for augmenting the mechanical properties of nylon-aramid composite used as filament material. J Inst Eng India Ser C 101(2):313–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-019-00538-6
Nomani J, Wilson D, Paulino M, Mohammed MI (2020) Effect of layer thickness and cross-section geometry on the tensile and compression properties of 3D printed ABS. Mater Today Commun 22:100626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100626
Panneerselvam T, Raghuraman S, Vamsi Krishnan N (2021) Investigating mechanical properties of 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol material under fused deposition modeling. J Inst Eng India Ser C 102:375–387
Patibandla S, Mian A (2021) Layer-to-layer physical characteristics and compression behavior of 3D printed polymer metastructures fabricated using different process parameters. J Elastomers Plast 53(5):386–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244320939995
Qi HJ, Boyce MC (2005) Stress-strain behavior of thermoplastic polyurethanes. Mech Mater 37(8):817–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2004.08.001
Rankouhi B, Javadpour S, Delfanian F, Letcher T (2016) Failure analysis and mechanical characterization of 3D printed ABS with respect to layer thickness and orientation. J Fail Anal Prev 16(3):467–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-016-0113-2
Samykano M, Selvamani SK, Kadirgama K, Ngui WK, Kanagaraj G, Sudhakar K (2019) Mechanical property of FDM printed ABS: influence of printing parameters. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102(9–12):2779–2796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03313-0
Shubham P, Sikidar A, Chand T (2016) The influence of layer thickness on mechanical properties of the 3D printed ABS polymer by fused deposition modeling. Key Eng Mater 706:63–67. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.706.63
Sood AK, Ohdar RK, Mahapatra SS (2009) Improving dimensional accuracy of fused deposition modelling processed part using Grey Taguchi method. Mater Des 30(10):4243–4252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.04.030
Srivastava M, Rathee S, Maheshwari S, Kundra TK (2018) Multi-objective optimisation of fused deposition modelling process parameters using RSM and fuzzy logic for build time and support material. Int J Rapid Manuf 7(1):25. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijrapidm.2018.089727
Tang C, Liu J, Yang Y, Liu Y, Jiang S, Hao W (2020) Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA lattice structures. Compos Part C Open Access 3:100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100076
Tosun N (2006) Determination of optimum parameters for multi-performance characteristics in drilling by using grey relational analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 28(5–6):450–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-004-2386-y
Wang J, Yang B, Lin X, Gao L, Liu T, Lu Y, Wang R (2020) Research of TPU materials for 3D printing aiming at non-pneumatic tires by FDM method. Polymers (basel) 12(11):1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112492
Wickramasinghe S, Do T, Tran P (2020) FDM-based 3D printing of polymer and associated composite: a review on mechanical properties, defects and treatments. Polymers 12(7):1–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071529
Wu W, Geng P, Li G, Zhao D, Zhang H, Zhao J (2015) Influence of layer thickness and raster angle on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK and a comparative mechanical study between PEEK and ABS. Materials 8(9):5834–5846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095271
**ao J, Gao Y (2017) The manufacture of 3D printing of medical grade TPU. Prog Addit Manuf 2(3):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-017-0023-1
Ye G, Bi H, Chen L, Hu Y (2019) Compression and Energy Absorption Performances of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid Lattice Core Sandwich Structures. 3D Print Addit Manuf 6(6):333–343. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2019.0068
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dixit, N., Jain, P.K. Multi-objective Strength Optimization of Fused Filament Fabricated Complex Flexible Parts Using Grey Relational Analysis. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Mech Eng 47, 1787–1797 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-022-00589-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-022-00589-8