Abstract
This study is an investigation of the associations of time spent in different screen time activities with bullying among Brazilian adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, adolescents answered questions related to bullying in the past 30 days and reported the weekly volume of screen time spent studying, working, watching videos, playing video games, and using social media applications. Multilevel logistic regression models were used. Our results indicate that higher social media use was associated with higher odds of bullying victimization among males but not females. Excessive use of screen time for work and social media purposes was associated with a higher likelihood of bullying victimization.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00366
Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa - ABEP. (2019). Critério Brasil 2019. [WWW Document]. http://www.abep.org/criterio-brasil. Accessed 5.12.22
Bandeira, C. de M., & Hutz, C. S. (2012). Bullying: Prevalence, implications and gender differences. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 16(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-85572012000100004
Busch, V., Manders, L. A., & de Leeuw, J. R. J. (2013). Screen time associated with health behaviors and outcomes in adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior, 37(6), 819–830. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.37.6.11
Caravita, S. C. S., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2012). Agentic or Communal? Associations between interpersonal goals, popularity, and bullying in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Development, 21(2), 376–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00632.x
Carson, V., Pickett, W., & Janssen, I. (2011). Screen time and risk behaviors in 10- to 16-year-old Canadian youth. Preventive Medicine, 52(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.07.005
Costa, B. G. G. da, Lopes, M. V. V., Pizani, J., & Silva, K. S. (2020). Prática de atividade física e participação esportiva associadas à violência em adolescentes: Uma revisão sistemática. Journal of Physical Education, 31(1), Art. 1. ISSN 2448–2455. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v31i1.3132
den Hamer, A., Konijn, E. A., & Keijer, M. G. (2014). Cyberbullying behavior and adolescents’ use of media with antisocial content: A cyclic process model. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 17(2), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0307
Dieris-Hirche, J., Pape, M., te Wildt, B. T., Kehyayan, A., Esch, M., Aicha, S., Herpertz, S., & Bottel, L. (2020). Problematic gaming behavior and the personality traits of video gamers: A cross-sectional survey. Computers in Human Behavior, 106, 106272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106272
Elgar, F. J., McKinnon, B., Walsh, S. D., Freeman, J., D Donnelly, P., de Matos, M. G., Gariepy, G., Aleman-Diaz, A. Y., Pickett, W., Molcho, M., & Currie, C. (2015). Structural Determinants of Youth Bullying and Fighting in 79 Countries. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 57(6), 643–650.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.08.007
Félix, E. M. R., del Rey, R., & Ruiz, R. O. (2011). Prevalencia y aspectos diferenciales relativos al género del fenómeno bullying en países pobres. Psicothema, 23(4), 624–629.
García-Hermoso, A., Hormazabal-Aguayo, I., Oriol-Granado, X., Fernández-Vergara, O., & del Pozo Cruz, B. (2020). Bullying victimization, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01016-4
Greitemeyer, T., & Mügge, D. O. (2014). Video games do affect social outcomes: A meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(5), 578–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520459
Hargittai, E., & Shafer, S. (2006). Differences in actual and perceived online skills: The role of gender*. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 432–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00389.x
Hertz, M. F., Everett Jones, S., Barrios, L., David-Ferdon, C., & Holt, M. (2015). Association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors among high school students in the United States. The Journal of School Health, 85(12), 833–842. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12339
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
Katapally, T. R., Thorisdottir, A. S., Laxer, R., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2018). The association of school connectedness and bullying involvement with multiple screen-time behaviours among youth in two Canadian provinces: A COMPASS study. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice, 38(10), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.38.10.03
Keikha, M., Qorbani, M., Kazemi Tabaee, M., Djalalinia, S., & Kelishadi, R. (2020). Screen time activities and aggressive behaviors among children and adolescents: A systematic review. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_71_20
Kelishadi, R., Qorbani, M., Motlagh, M. E., Heshmat, R., Ardalan, G., & Jari, M. (2015). Relationship between leisure time screen activity and aggressive and violent behaviour in Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV Study. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 35(4), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2015.1109221
Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2018). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK millennium cohort study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
Kljakovic, M., & Hunt, C. (2016). A meta-analysis of predictors of bullying and victimisation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.002
Knebel, M. T. G., da Costa, B. G. G., Santos, P. C., Sousa, A. C. F. C., & Silva, K. S. (2021). The conception, content validation, and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire for screen time of adolescents (QueST). Jornal De Pediatria. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.05.004
Kokkinos, C. M., Baltzidis, E., & Xynogala, D. (2016). Prevalence and personality correlates of Facebook bullying among university undergraduates. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 840–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.017
Kowert, R. (2020). Dark participation in games. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 598947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.598947
Landhuis, C. E., Perry, D. K., & Hancox, R. J. (2012). Association between childhood and adolescent television viewing and unemployment in adulthood. Preventive Medicine, 54(2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.007
Leatherdale, S. T., & Ahmed, R. (2011). Screen-based sedentary behaviours among a nationally representative sample of youth: Are Canadian kids couch potatoes? Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada, 31(4), 141–146.
Malta, D. C., Mello, F. C. M. de, Prado, R. R. do, Sá, A. C. M. G. N. de, Marinho, F., Pinto, I. V., Silva, M. M. A. da, & Silva, M. A. I. (2019). Prevalência de bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros, 2015. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 24(4), 1359–1368. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018244.15492017
Mathers, M., Canterford, L., Olds, T., Hesketh, K., Ridley, K., & Wake, M. (2009). Electronic media use and adolescent health and well-being: Cross-sectional community study. Academic Pediatrics, 9(5), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2009.04.003
Mello, F. C. M., Silva, J. L. da, Oliveira, W. A. de, Prado, R. R. do, Malta, D. C., & Silva, M. A. I. (2017). A prática de bullying entre escolares brasileiros e fatores associados, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 22(9), 2939–2948.https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.12762017
Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully–victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032
Nansel, T. R., Craig, W., Overpeck, M. D., Saluja, G., Ruan, W. J., & Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Bullying Analyses Working Group. (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(8), 730–736.https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.8.730
Oliveira, W. A. de, Silva, M. A. I., Silva, J. L. da, Mello, F. C. M. de, Prado, R. R. do, Malta, D. C., Oliveira, W. A. de, Silva, M. A. I., Silva, J. L. da, Mello, F. C. M. de, Prado, R. R. do, & Malta, D. C. (2016). Associations between the practice of bullying and individual and contextual variables from the aggressors’ perspective. Jornal de Pediatria, 92(1), 32–39.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2015.04.003
Peleg-Oren, N., Cardenas, G. A., Comerford, M., & Galea, S. (2012). An association between bullying behaviors and alcohol use among middle school students. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 32(6), 761–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431610387144
Pigozi, P. L., Machado, A. L., Pigozi, P. L., & Machado, A. L. (2015). Bullying na adolescência: Visão panorâmica no Brasil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20(11), 3509–3522. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152011.05292014
PNAD. (2019). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad Contínua). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Rio de Janeiro. IBGE. [WWW Document]. https://www.imb.go.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2262:pnad-continua-anual-educacao-2019&catid=118&Itemid=284. Accessed 5.12.22
Radliff, K. M., Wheaton, J. E., Robinson, K., & Morris, J. (2012). Illuminating the relationship between bullying and substance use among middle and high school youth. Addictive Behaviors, 37(4), 569–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.001
Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B. D., & Miller, E. (2017). Depressed adolescents’ positive and negative use of social media. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.002
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Hamilton, H. A. (2015). Social networking sites and mental health problems in adolescents: The mediating role of cyberbullying victimization. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 30(8), 1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.011
Sanders, C. E., & Phye, G. D. (2004). Bullying: Implications for the Classroom. Elsevier.
Schumacher, P., & Morahan-Martin, J. (2001). Gender, Internet and computer attitudes and experiences. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00032-7
Silva, R. A. da, Cardoso, T. de A., Jansen, K., Souza, L. D. de M., Godoy, R. V., Cruzeiro, A. L. S., Horta, B. L., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2012). Bullying and associated factors in adolescents aged 11 to 15 years. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 34(1), 19–24.https://doi.org/10.1590/S2237-60892012000100005
Souza, K., & Cunha, M. X. C. da. (2019). Impactos do uso das redes sociais virtuais na saúde mental dos adolescentes: Uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Revista Educação, Psicologia e Interfaces, 3(3), Art. 3. https://doi.org/10.37444/issn-2594-5343.v3i3.156
Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), e023191. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
Thomas, G., Bennie, J. A., De Cocker, K., Castro, O., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2020). A Descriptive epidemiology of screen-based devices by children and adolescents: A sco** review of 130 surveillance studies since 2000. Child Indicators Research, 13(3), 935–950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09663-1
Vieno, A., Gini, G., & Santinello, M. (2011). Different forms of bullying and their association to smoking and drinking behavior in Italian adolescents. The Journal of School Health, 81(7), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00607.x
Zink, J., Belcher, B. R., Imm, K., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). The relationship between screen-based sedentary behaviors and symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth: A systematic review of moderating variables. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 472. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08572-1
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the students and school staff for their voluntary participation and contribution to the study. Also, we want to thank the colleagues from the Research Group in Physical Activity and Health who helped during data collection.
Funding
This work was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) grant number 406258/2018–0; and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). BNO, BGGC, MVVL, and PCS received scholarships from CAPES, while LEAM received a scholarship from CNPq.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Oliveira, B.N., dos Santos, P.C., da Costa, B.G.G. et al. Screen Time Correlates of Bullying Perpetration and Victimization in Brazilian Adolescents. Journ Child Adol Trauma 16, 607–613 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-023-00515-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-023-00515-3