Abstract
Some studies have shown that long photoperiods result in high biomass accumulation, others have reported damage caused by the lack of darkness. Since indoor production depends on a favorable cost-benefit ratio, it is essential to evaluate the biomass produced per energy consumed by LEDs. We expected that photosynthesis and energetic efficiency of biomass production would decrease under long photoperiods due to the circadian cycle. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants were grown in nutrient solution under different photoperiod regimes. In each photoperiod (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 h), plants were germinated and harvested after 21 days. Leaf gas exchange was monitored over 24 h, whereas plant growth and energy consumed by LEDs were evaluated after 20 days of growth in each regime. Although the maximum photosynthetic rates have not changed when varying photoperiod, the daily-integrated CO2 assimilation on leaf area basis was higher at 20, 22, and 24 h. Biomass accumulation, leaf number, and leaf area increased linearly between 12 and 18 h of photoperiod. In regimes longer than 18 h, extending the photoperiod did not increase the number of leaves and dry mass accumulation and decreased leaf area and fresh mass. The highest energetic efficiency of biomass production was noticed between 12 and 18 h, while the lowest one was found at 22 and 24 h of photoperiod. The best photoperiod for growing lettuce was 18 h, as it was the shortest photoperiod that led to the highest plant growth while maintaining high energetic efficiency of biomass production.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Net CO2 assimilation rate
- A ac :
-
Daily-integrated CO2 assimilation on leaf area basis
- A ac’:
-
Daily-integrated CO2 assimilation on plant basis
- DAG:
-
Days after germination
- DM:
-
Dry mass
- E :
-
Transpiration
- E ac :
-
Daily-integrated transpiration on leaf area basis
- E ac’:
-
Daily-integrated transpiration on plant basis
- FM:
-
Fresh mass
- g S :
-
Stomatal conductance
- LED:
-
Light-emitting diode
- LWC:
-
Leaf water content
- PPFD:
-
Photosynthetic photon flux density
- q N :
-
Non-photochemical quenching
- q P :
-
Photochemical quenching
- WUE:
-
Water use efficiency
- Φ PSII :
-
Effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II
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Acknowledgements
This research was made possible through the support received from the Agronomic Institute (IAC, Campinas SP, Brazil), Aeropônica Growing the Future (Mococa SP, Brazil), and Hidrogood Modern Horticulture Ltda. (Taboão da Serra SP, Brazil). The authors thank the valuable support provided by Dr. Alex H. Calori, Dra. Neidiquele M. Silveira, Mr. José R. Bergamo, Mr. Gabriel S. Pires and Ms. Marcela T. Miranda.
Funding
This work was supported by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, CAPES, Brazil [grant number 88887.497343/2020-00 and 88887.489982/2020-00 to LMS and LPC, respectively]; and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, Brazil [grant numbers 171311/2018-5, 311345/2019-0 and 302460/2018-7 to VSP, ECM and RVR, respectively].
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LMS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review and Editing; LPC: Investigation, Writing—Review and Editing; VSP: Investigation, Writing—Review and Editing; LFVP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Review and Editing; ECM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Review and Editing, Funding acquisition; RVR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review and Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
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Silva, L.M., Cruz, L.P., Pacheco, V.S. et al. Energetic efficiency of biomass production is affected by photoperiod in indoor lettuce cultivation. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 34, 265–276 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-022-00246-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-022-00246-0