SpringerLink
Log in

Exploring Service Use Disparities among Suicidal Black Youth in a Suicide Prevention Care Coordination Intervention

  • Published:
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study is to examine service utilization disparities among Black youth participating in Linking Individuals Needing Care (LINC), a 90-day research-informed suicide care coordination intervention.

Methods

An open trial pilot was conducted to examine the effectiveness of LINC in increasing access to and engagement in mental health and non-mental health services among suicidal youth (N = 587). Other variables of interest included service use facilitators and service use barriers. Generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution and logit link were performed to ascertain if service use facilitators and barriers were associated with service utilization and if disparities in service use and engagement existed between Black and White suicidal youth through a comparative analysis.

Results

Service utilization differences were found between Black and White youth. While Black and White youth were both likely to engage in individual therapy (OR = 1.398, p < .001) and non-mental health services (OR = 1.289, p < .001), utilization rates for mental health and medication management services were lower for Black (55.1% to 60.6%) youth compared to White (66.0% to 71.0%) youth. Specifically, Black youth were significantly less likely than Whites to receive medication management (OR = .466, p = .002). Systemic barriers such long waitlists for care (OR = 1.860, p = .039) and poor relationship with providers (OR = 7.680, p = .028) increased odds of engagement in non-mental health services. Clinical disorders and engagement in suicide-related behaviors increased the likelihood of obtaining care from both medication management and non-mental health services.

Conclusion

Care coordination services for suicidal youth can increase access and engagement in mental health and non-mental health services. Culturally adapted models attending to cultural and social assets of Black families are needed to reduce disparities and suicide risk among Black youth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. The Congressional Black Caucus, Emergency Taskforce on Black Youth Suicide and Mental Health. Ring the alarm: the crisis of black youth suicide in America; 2019. https://theactionalliance.org. Accessed 2 July 2022

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National vital statistics system, mortality 1999–2020 on CDC Wonder online database. Accessed 5 July 2022. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. WISQARS — Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Accessed 10 July 2022. https://wisqars.cdc.gov/data/explore-data/home

  4. Bridge JA, Horowitz LM, Fontanella CA, et al. Age-related racial disparity in suicide rates among US youths from 2001 through 2015. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(7):697–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0399.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Bridge JA, Asti L, Horowitz LM, et al. Suicide trends among elementary school–aged children in the United States from 1993 to 2012. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(7):673. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lindsey MA, Sheftall AH, **ao Y, Joe S. Trends of suicidal behaviors among high school students in the United States: 1991–2017. Pediatrics. 2019;144(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1187

  7. **ao Y, Cerel J, Mann JJ. Temporal trends in suicidal ideation and attempts among US adolescents by sex and race/ethnicity, 1991–2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2113513. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13513.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS): 2019 YRBS results. Accessed 5 July 2022. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/features/index.htm

  9. Plemmons G, Hall M, Doupnik S, et al. Hospitalization for suicide ideation or attempt: 2008–2015. Pediatrics. 2018;141(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2426.

  10. Cummings JR, Druss BG. Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(2):160–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.11.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kodjo C, Auinger P. Predictors for emotionally distressed adolescents to receive mental health care. J Adolesc Health. 2004;35(5):368–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(04)00061-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lu W. Adolescent depression: National trends, risk factors, and healthcare disparities. Am J Health Behav. 2019;43(1):181–94. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.43.1.15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Marrast L, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care for children and young adults: A national study. Int J Health Serv. 2016;46(4):810–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731416662736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kalb LG, Stapp EK, Ballard ED, Holingue C, Keefer A, Riley A. Trends in psychiatric emergency department visits among youth and young adults in the US. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20182192. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nestor BA, Cheek SM, Liu RT. Ethnic and racial differences in mental health service utilization for suicidal ideation and behavior in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.021.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Abrams AH, Badolato GM, Boyle MD, McCarter R, Goyal MK. Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric mental health-related emergency department visits. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022;38(1):e214–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gryglewicz K, Peterson A, Nam E, Vance MM, Borntrager L, Karver MS. Caring transitions – A care coordination intervention to reduce suicide risk among youth discharged from inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. Crisis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000795.

  18. Fontanella CA, Warner LA, Steelesmith DL, Brock G, Bridge JA, Campo JV. association of timely outpatient mental health services for youths after psychiatric hospitalization with risk of death by suicide. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8):e2012887. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12887.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Berry S, Soltau E, Richmond NE, Kieltyka RL, Tran T, Williams A. Care coordination in a medical home in post-Katrina New Orleans: lessons learned. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(6):782–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0641-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cosgrove JA, Lee BR, Unick GJ. A longitudinal evaluation of wraparound’s impact on youth mental health service use. J Emot Behav Disord. 2020;28(3):156–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426619842568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Blizzard AM, Glos LJ, Stephan SH, Medoff D, Slade EP. Impacts of a Medicaid wraparound model demonstration program on youth specialty mental health services use. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2017;44(3):373–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-016-9520-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Schultz EM, McDonald KM. What is care coordination? Int J Care Coord. 2014;17(1–2):5–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053435414540615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Council on Children with Disabilities. Care coordination in the medical home: Integrating health and related systems of care for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 2005;116(5):1238–44. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Antonelli R, McAllister J, Popp J. Making care coordination a critical component of the pediatric health system: a multidisciplinary framework. 2009. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2009/may/making-care-coordination-criticalcomponent-pediatric-health. Accessed 15 Jul 2022.

  25. Björkelund C, Svenningsson I, Hange D, et al. Clinical effectiveness of care managers in collaborative care for patients with depression in Swedish primary health care: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0711-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Stanard RP. The effect of training in a strengths model of case management on client outcomes in a community mental health center. Community Ment Health J. 1999;35(2):169–79. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018724831815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rapp C, Wintersteen R. The strengths model of case management: results from twelve demonstrations. Psychosoc Rehabil J. 1989;13(1):23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vance M. An examination of the Florida Linking Individuals Needing Care Coordination program for racial and ethnic minority females. University of Central Florida; 2019. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0007548

  29. Turchi RM, Berhane Z, Bethell C, Pomponio A, Antonelli R, Minkovitz CS. Care coordination for CSHCN: associations with family-provider relations and family/child outcomes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(Supplement_4):S428-S434. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1255O

  30. Olson JR, Benjamin PH, Azman AA, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: effectiveness of wraparound care coordination for children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;60(11):1353–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.02.022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Unützer J, Harbin H, Schoenbaum M, Druss B. The Collaborative Care Model: an approach for integrating physical and mental health care in Medicaid health homes; 2013:1–13. https://www.chcs.org/media/HH_IRC_Collaborative_Care_Model__052113_2.pdf

  32. Sobolewski B, Richey L, Kowatch RA, Grupp-Phelan J. Mental health follow-up among adolescents with suicidal behaviors after emergency department discharge. Arch Suicide Res. 2013;17(4):323–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2013.801807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Adrian M, DeCou C, Gold LS. Medically treated self-injury among children and adolescents: repeated attempts and service use over 1 year. Psychiatr Serv. 2020;71(5):447–55. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hogan MF. Better suicide screening and prevention are possible. JAMA Psychiat. 2016;73(11):1111. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hom MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE. Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help-seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;40:28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rickwood D, Deane FP, Wilson CJ, Ciarrochi J. Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Aust E-J Adv Ment Health. 2005;4(3):218–51. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Salzer MS, Nixon CT, Schut LJA, Karver MS, Bickman L. Validating quality indicators: quality as relationship between structure, process, and outcome. Eval Rev. 1997;21(3):292–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X9702100302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change. Am J Health Promot. 1997;12(1):38–48. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kominski GF, ed. Changing the U.S. health care system: key issues in health services policy and management. 4th ed. Jossey-Bass. 2014.

  40. Rollnick S, Miller WR. Motivational interviewing: hel** people change. New York: Guilford Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press; 1985.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  42. Karver MS, Handelsman JB, Fields S, Bickman L. A theoretical model of common process factors in youth and family therapy. Ment Health Serv Res. 2005;7(1):35–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11020-005-1964-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Horwitz SM, Hoagwood K, Stiffman AR, et al. Reliability of the services assessment for children and adolescents. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(8):1088–94. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.8.1088.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kazdin AE, Holland L, Crowley M, Breton S. Barriers to treatment participation scale: evaluation and validation in the context of child outpatient treatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(8):1051–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01621.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Osman A, Downs WR, Kopper BA, et al. The reasons for living inventory for adolescents (RFL-A): development and psychometric properties. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54(8):1063–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199812)54:8%3c1063:AID-JCLP6%3e3.0.CO;2-Z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. O’Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Fowler JC. Suicide risk assessment in clinical practice: pragmatic guidelines for imperfect assessments. Psychotherapy. 2012;49(1):81–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rudd MD, Joiner T. The assessment, management, and treatment of suicidality: toward clinically informed and balanced standards of care. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1998;5(2):135–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00140.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, Shaffer D. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(4):386–405. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046821.95464.CF.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Planey AM, Smith SM, Moore S, Walker TD. Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking among African American youth and their families: a systematic review study. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019;101:190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: chi-squared test and fisher’s exact test. Restor Dent Endod. 2017;42(2):152–5. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2017.42.2.152.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software.

  53. Barksdale CL, Azur M, Leaf PJ. Differences in mental health service sector utilization among African American and Caucasian youth entering systems of care programs. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2010;37(3):363–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-009-9166-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Angold A, Erkanli A, Farmer EMZ, et al. Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service Use in rural African American and White youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(10):893. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Molock SD, Barksdale C, Matlin S, Puri R, Cammack N, Spann M. Qualitative study of suicidality and help-seeking behaviors in African American adolescents. Am J Community Psychol. 2007;40(1–2):52–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9122-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Murry VM, Heflinger CA, Suiter SV, Brody GH. Examining perceptions about mental health care and help-seeking among rural African American families of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2011;40(9):1118–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9627-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Abram KM, Paskar LD, Washburn JJ, Teplin LA. Perceived barriers to mental health services among youths in detention. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(3):301–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318160b3bb.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Lindsey MA, Chambers K, Pohle C, Beall P, Lucksted A. Understanding the behavioral determinants of mental health service use by urban, under-resourced black youth: adolescent and caregiver perspectives. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(1):107–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9668-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Baglivio MT, Wolff KT, Piquero AR, Greenwald MA, Epps N. Racial/ethnic disproportionality in psychiatric diagnoses and treatment in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. J Youth Adolesc. 2017;46(7):1424–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0573-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. AAKOMA Project Adult Advisory Board, Breland-Noble AM, Bell CC, Burriss A. “Mama just won’t accept this”: adult perspectives on engaging depressed African American teens in clinical research and treatment. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2011;18(3):225–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-011-9235-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Lindsey MA, Korr WS, Broitman M, Bone L, Green A, Leaf PJ. Help-seeking behaviors and depression among African American adolescent boys. Soc Work. 2006;51(1):49–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/51.1.49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Samuel IA. Utilization of mental health services among African-American male adolescents released from juvenile detention: examining reasons for within-group disparities in help-seeking behaviors. Child Adolesc Soc Work J. 2015;32(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0357-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Vázquez AL, Villodas MT. Racial/ethnic differences in caregivers’ perceptions of the need for and utilization of adolescent psychological counseling and support services. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2019;25(3):323–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mishra SI, Lucksted A, Gioia D, Barnet B, Baquet CR. Needs and preferences for receiving mental health information in an African American Focus Group sample. Community Ment Health J. 2009;45(2):117–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-008-9157-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cavell TA, Spencer R, McQuillin SD. Back to the future: mentoring as means and end in promoting child mental health. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2021;50(2):281–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.202.1875327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Haan AM, Boon AE, Jong JTVM, Geluk CAML, Vermeiren RRJM. Therapeutic relationship and dropout in youth mental health care with ethnic minority children and adolescents. Clin Psychol. 2014;18(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Hays K. Black churches’ capacity to respond to the mental health needs of African Americans. Soc Work Christ. 2015;42(3):296–312.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Bruckner TA, Singh P, Yoon J, Chakravarthy B, Snowden LR. African American/white disparities in psychiatric emergencies among youth following rapid expansion of Federally Qualified Health Centers. Health Serv Res. 2020;55(1):26–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Robinson WL, Case MH, Whipple CR, et al. Culturally grounded stress reduction and suicide prevention for African American adolescents. Pract Innov. 2016;1(2):117–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Amutah-Onukagha N, Mahadevan M, Opara I, Rodriguez M, Trusdell M, Kelly J. Project THANKS: examining HIV/AIDS-related barriers and facilitators to care in African American women: a community perspective. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2018;32(4):119–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2017.0215.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Alegria M, Vallas M, Pumariega AJ. Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric mental health. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2010;19(4):759–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Lanier Y, Sommers MS, Fletcher J, Sutton MY, Roberts DD. Examining racial discrimination frequency, racial discrimination stress, and psychological well-being among black early adolescents. J Black Psychol. 2017;43(3):219–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798416638189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M, Caldwell CH. Discrimination increases suicidal ideation in black adolescents regardless of ethnicity and gender. Behav Sci. 2017;7(4):75-. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7040075

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would also like to thank Marissa McNeil (a graduate student) for her assistance with this manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) through the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Act, grant number 1 U79 SM061748.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Social Work & Sociology, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA

    Michelle M. Vance

  2. School of Social Work, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    Kim Gryglewicz

  3. School of Social Welfare, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea

    Eunji Nam

  4. School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Sonyia Richardson

  5. School of Social Work, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    Lisa Borntrager

  6. Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Marc S. Karver

Authors
  1. Michelle M. Vance
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kim Gryglewicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eunji Nam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sonyia Richardson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lisa Borntrager
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Marc S. Karver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Kim Gryglewicz and Eunji Nam. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Michelle Vance and Kim Gryglewicz, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michelle M. Vance.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

The study protocols were determined to be NHSR (“not human subjects research”) by the university institutional review board.

Disclaimer

The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or policies of SAMHSA or the US Department of Health and Human Services; nor does mention of trade names, commercial practices, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vance, M.M., Gryglewicz, K., Nam, E. et al. Exploring Service Use Disparities among Suicidal Black Youth in a Suicide Prevention Care Coordination Intervention. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 10, 2231–2243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01402-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01402-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation