Abstract
Apiship is conceptualized as a way of earning where one produces honey for sale by rearing bees to earn livelihood. Honey is the primary commercial output of apiship. Because of its expanding and ever-increasing market demand, apiship has become an essential source of self-employment and income, ultimately leading to poverty alleviation. This study examines factors influencing apientrepreneurs to choose apiship as a primary occupation and men’s dominant status in apiship. This study adopts a positivist approach to philosophy that undertakes quantitative examination of findings. Data were collected from 800 apientrepreneurs using a survey with closed-ended questionnaires. The study revealed that the pull factors of amount of investment, risk in investment, demand for the produce, amount of work, income stability, and flexibility in working time and the push factor of unemployment all have significant positive impacts on apientrepreneurs’ decision to pursue apiship as a primary occupation. The study further found that age, education, and desire for independence are independent of the choice of apiship as a primary occupation. The study also found that the driving factors of reluctance of woman, stinging nature, cultivating related crops, tendency of awareness among women, and work as a helper of man significantly influence men’s dominant status in apiship. The study’s identification of driving factors influencing the choice of apiship as a primary occupation highlights the need for policymakers to create favorable policies for leveraging these motivating factors to attract unemployed individuals to take up apiship. The study’s findings on the driving factors of men’s dominant status in apiship could also help policymakers to make proper policies to make women aware of apiship.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40497-024-00391-7/MediaObjects/40497_2024_391_Fig1_HTML.png)
Data availability
The majority of the obtained data are included in the article.
References
Abrol, D. P. (2023). Beekee** for Sustainable Economic Development of India:- Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 1–21.
Agrawal, T. J. (2014). Beekee** industry In India:- future potential. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, 2, 2347–4580.
Aguiar, V. H., Boccardi, M. J., Kashaev, N., & Kim, J. (2023). Random utility and limited consideration. Quantitative Economics, 14(1), 71–116.
Ahmad, T., Shah, G. M., Ahmad, F., Partap, U., & Ahmad, S. (2017). Impact of apiculture on the household income of rural poor in mountains of Chitral District in Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS), 6(3), 518–531.
Al-Shaikh, F. N. (2013). Opportunities and challenges of entrepreneurship in develo** countries:- the case of Jordan. Journal for International Trade and Entrepreneurship Development, 7(2), 163–178.
Andaregie, A., & Astatkie, T. (2021). Determinants of beekee** adoption by smallholder rural households in Northwest Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 7(1), 1954817.
Andrushchenko, H., Alkema, V., Hrynko, P., Portna, O., & Koliesnik, T. (2020). Transnational corporations as entities of international entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(1), 1–6.
Araz, F., Karademir, B., & Kadirhanoğulları, İ. H. (2022). Organic beekee** and honey production approach in Iğdır region of Türkiye.
Araz, F., Karademir, B., & Kadirhanoğulları, İ. H. (2022). Iğdır Yöresinde Organik Arıcılık ve Bal Üretimi Anla. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(5), 886–892.
Araz, O. M., Choi, T. M., Olson, D. L., & Salman, F. S. (2020). Data analytics for operational risk management. Decision Science, 51(6), 1316–1319.
Aşkan, E. (2023). Increasing Honey Production Effectiveness in Erzincan and Van Provinces. Sustainability, 15(9), 7524.
Barhatov, V., Campa, A., & Pletnev, D. (2019). Foreign entrepreneurs in the Russian federation: barriers and advantages. In Eurasian business perspectives: Proceedings of the 22nd Eurasia business and economics society conference (pp. 83–92). Springer International Publishing.
Bell, R., & Bell, H. (2023). Entrepreneurship education in the era of generative artificial intelligence. Entrepreneurship Education, 6(3), 229–244.
Block, H. D., Marschak, J., Olkin, I., Gurye, S. G., Hoeffding, W., Madow, W. G., & Mann, H. B. (1960). Contributions to probability and statistics. Random Orderings and Stochastic Theories of Responses, 96.
Brière, S., Tremblay, M., & Daou, A. (2015). Challenges facing international projects for entrepreneurial developments in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 32(6), 711–725.
Čavlin, M., Prdić, N., Ignjatijević, S., Vapa Tankosić, J., Lekić, N., & Kostić, S. (2023). Research on the Determination of the Factors Affecting Business Performance in Beekee** Production. Agriculture, 13(3), 686.
Das, R., & Bhuiya, M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Bee-kee** in West Bengal. Indian Farmer, 7(11), 1000–1005.
Denizli Akdemir, G., & Dağdemir, V. (2021). Investigation of honey consumption preferences of consumers in Erzurum.
Denizli Akdemir, G., & Dağdemir, V. (2021). Investigation of honey consumption preferences of consumers in Erzurum.
Domínguez-Rebolledo, Á., Lemus-Flores, C., Salgado-Moreno, S., Dzib-Cauich, D., Chi-Maas, D., & Loeza-Concha, H. (2023). Variation in the prevalence of Varroa, Nosema and Acarapis in two regions of Campeche State, Mexico (p. 13). Abanico Veterinario.
Ezekiel, A. A., Olagunju, F. I., & Olapade-Ogunwole, F. (2013). Economics of Honey Production in Oyo State, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (GARJAH), 2(2), 43–47.
Famuyide, O. O., Adebayo, O., Owese, T., Azeez, F. A., Arabomen, O., Olugbire, O. O., & Ojo, D. (2014). Economic contributions of honey production as a means of livelihood strategy in Oyo State. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 7-11.
Fatoki, O., & Patswawairi, T. (2012). The motivations and obstacles to immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 32(2), 133–142.
Fosgerau, M., & Bierlaire, M. (2009). Discrete choice models with multiplicative error terms. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 43(5), 494–505.
Fuad, M. A., Nurhasan, M., & Kayess, M. O. (2019). Potentials and prospects of beekee** entrepreneurship in Dinajpur Region:- A participatory analysis. Agricultural Research and Technology Open Acess Journal, 21(5), 556178.
Giacomin, O., Guyot, J. L., Janssen, F., & Lohest, O. (2007). Novice creators:- personal identity and push pull dynamics. In 52th International Council for Small Business (ICSB) World conference (pp. 1–30).
Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory technology and constraints assessment to improve the livelihood of beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Middle East Journal of Science, 2(1), 76–92.
Gul, S. (2023). Exploring the honey value chain among Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(2), 828–859.
Güler, D. (2021). The determination of the efficiency of beekee** by Provinces in Turkey via data envelopment analysis. Uludag Aricilik Dergisi.
Harris, A. J., & Tanner, J. C. (1974). Transport demand models based on personal characteristics. Urban Transport Division, Transport Systems Department Transport and Road Research Laboratory.
Hess, S., Daly, A., & Batley, R. (2018). Revisiting consistency with random utility maximisation:- theory and implications for practical work. Theory and Decision, 84, 181–204.
Hipple, S. F. (2010). Self-employment in the United States. Monthly Labor Review, 133, 17.
Hu, Y., **an, R., Wu, Q., Fan, Q., Yin, L., & Zhao, H. (2024). Revisiting scalarization in multi-task learning:- A theoretical perspective. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
Hussein, H., & Haj Youssef, M. (2023). In and out of self-employment, are you really an entrepreneur:- The rise of a new division? Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 13(4), 881–934. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2019-0373
Iakovleva, T. A., Kolvereid, L., Gorgievski, M. J., & Sørhaug, Ø. (2014). Comparison of perceived barriers to entrepreneurship in Eastern and Western European countries. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 18(2–3), 115–133.
Ikediobi, C. O., Obi, V. C., & Achoba, I. A. (1985). Beekee** and honey production in Nigeria. Nigerian Field, 50, 59–70.
Irastorza, N., & Peña, I. (2014). Immigrant entrepreneurship:- Does the liability of foreignness matter? Trade and Management Research, 3(1), 1–17.
Izquierdo-Gascón, M., & Rubio-Gil, Á. (2023). The Theoretical approach to Api-tourism routes as a paradigm of sustainable and regenerative rural development. Journal of Apicultural Research, 62(4), 751–766.
Kanchana, R. S., Divya, J. V., & Beegom, A. A. (2013). Challenges faced by new entrepreneurs. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 1(3), 71–78.
Kefala, C. (2023). Who runs the world? Gender performances and racialized branding among young foreign women digital entrepreneurs in China. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, pp 1–19.
Kumar, A., Goswami, M., & Mir, N. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on rural livelihood:- A review. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education (INT-JECSE), 14(7), 514–522.
Kuvshinikov, P. J., & Kuvshinikov, J. T. (2023). Forecasting entrepreneurial motivations and actions: Development and validation of the entrepreneurial trigger scale. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 31(8), 1–21.
Ladino, R. C., Domínguez, O. F. C., & Hernández, C. N. J. (2023). Analysis of productivity and competitiveness in beekee**:- A case study of Cundinamarca, Colombia. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(10), 10.
Langthasa, S., & Singh, S. (2023). Practice of Beekee** in Kamrup District, Assam. Indian Journal of Entomology, pp 1–3.
Lévesque, M., & Minniti, M. (2011). Age matters: How demographics influence aggregate entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(3), 269–284.
Lin, X., & Zhou, M. (2022). Chinese entrepreneurship in a globalized world: place, space, and mobilities. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 34(4), 357–362.
Lundberg, H., & Rehnfors, A. (2018). Transnational entrepreneurship:- opportunity identification and venture creation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 16, 150–175.
Ma, J., Duan, Y., Wang, J., & Luo, M. (2023). Impact of self-efficacy on entrepreneurs’ ambidextrous behavior in new ventures: Moderating effect of status. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 108.
Madzikanda, B., Li, C., & Dabuo, F. T. (2022). Barriers to development of entrepreneurial ecosystems and economic performance in Southern Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 14(4), 936–946.
Manimala, M. J., Wasdani, K. P., & Vijaygopal, A. (2019). Transnational, ethnic and returnee entrepreneurship:- perspectives on SME internationalization. Transnational Entrepreneurship:- Issues of SME Internationalization in the Indian Context, pp 3–33.
Marschak, J. (1974). Binary-choice constraints and random utility indicators (1960). In Economic information, decision, and prediction: Selected essays: Volume I part I economics of decision (pp. 218–239). Springer Netherlands.
Martínez-Cañas, R., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Jiménez-Moreno, J. J., & Linuesa-Langreo, J. (2023). Push versus Pull motivations in entrepreneurial intention:- The mediating effect of perceived risk and opportunity recognition. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 29(2), 100214.
Mazorodze, B. T. (2015). “The contribution of apiculture towards rural income in Honde Valley Zimbabwe”.
McFadden, D. (1974). The measurement of urban travel demand. Journal of Public Economics, 3(4), 303–328.
McFadden, D., & Richter, M. K. (1990). Stochastic rationality and revealed stochastic preference. In Preferences, uncertainty, and optimality, essays in honor of Leo Hurwicz (pp. 161–186). Westview Press.
Millán, J. M., Congregado, E., & Román, C. (2012). Determinants of self-employment survival in Europe. Small Business Economics, 38, 231–258.
Mishra, A., & Pattnaik, D. (2021). Urban Agriculture during and Post COVID-19 pandemic. Biotica Research Today, 3, 62–64.
Mishra, B. P., Kanwat, M., Gupta, B. K., Meena, N. R., Mishra, N. K., & Kumar, P. S. (2020). Correlates of adoption of improved apiculture practices in Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 56(2), 51–54.
Monga, K., & Manocha, A. (2011). Adoption and constraints of beekee** in District Panchkula (Haryana). Livestock Res. for Rural Dev.. Volume 23, Article #103. Retrieved October 6, 2013, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/5/mong23103.htm.
Morgan, H. M., Sui, S., & Malhotra, S. (2021). No place like home:- The effect of exporting to the country of origin on the financial performance of immigrant-owned SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(3), 504–524. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00360-8
Murshed, W. A. N. (2023). Challenges and opportunities in immigrant entrepreneurship:- case study of turkish immigrant entrepreneurs in GERMANY1. Sosyal Bilimlerde Toplumsal Sorunlara Bakış:- Uygulamalı Çalışmalar, 125.
Ngo, H. T., & Igwe, P. A. (2019). Internationalization of firms and entrepreneur’s motivations:- A review and research agenda. Societal Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness, pp 29–46.
Nyamira, E., Makanji, D., & Sosi, B. (2024). Determinants of the Adoption of Modern Apiculture Among Marginal Households in Baringo and Makueni Counties, Kenya. Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO.
Ondunga, J., Olweny, C., & Mosi, R. (2021). Socio-economic and cultural factors influencing farmers’ group participation for commercialization of apiculture among smallholder farmers in Homa bay county, Kenya. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 9(3), 343–352.
Partap U (2003) Cash crop farming in the Himalayas:- The importance of pollinator management and managed pollination. Case Study No.◦10. In Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry.
Pocol, C. B., & McDonough, M. (2015). Women, apiculture and development: Evaluating the impact of a beekee** project on rural women's livelihoods. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Horticulture, 72(2), 487–492.
Presutti, M., Fratocchi, L., & Odorici, V. (2023). Entrepreneurial and market orientations:- The moderating role of social networks on post-entry performance of international new ventures. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 14657503231176138.
Ramesh, S. (2020). Entrepreneurship in China and India. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(1), 321–355.
Rashed, M. S., & Nesha, A. U. (2016). Doing Trade in and with China:- The Challenges are Great, but so are the Opportunities. Global Journal of Management and Trade Research:- B Economics and Commerce, 16(2), 11–18.
Riddle, L., Hrivnak, G. A., & Nielsen, T. M. (2010). Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship in emerging markets:- Bridging institutional divides. Journal of International Management, 16(4), 398–411.
Saharia, D. (2016). Important honey bee plants of Ganakpara village, Udalguri, btad ( assam). Indian Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(4):23–27. ISSN:- 2319–3824(Online).
Scheu, M., & Kuckertz, A. (2023). Explorers of the twenty-first century? A systematic literature review of the scholarship on international entrepreneurs from developed economies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 19(1), 177–235.
Schouten, C. N. (2020). Factors influencing beekeepers income, productivity and welfare in develo** countries: A sco** review. Journal of Apicultural Research, 60(2), 204–219.
Schouten, C., et al. (2020). Optimising beekee** development programs for improved productivity, income and welfare:- a case study of Papua New Guinea. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 121(2), 195–206.
Schouten, C., Lloyd, D., Sengere, R. W., & Aranka, J. (2020). Optimising beekee** development programs for improved productivity, income and welfare: a case study of Papua New Guinea. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 121(2), 195–206.
Sharma, S., & Das, D. (2018). Factors affecting adoption of beekee** and associated technologies in Kamrup (rural) district, Assam state, India. Biodiversity International Journal, 2(3), 279–284.
Sharmah, D., Khound, A., Rahman, S., & Rajkumari, P. (2015). Significance of honey bee as a pollinator in improving horticultural crop productivity in N. E. Region, India :- A review. Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 4(March), 62–69.
Simón-Moya, V., Revuelto-Taboada, L., & Guerrero, R. F. (2014). Institutional and economic drivers of entrepreneurship:- An international perspective. Journal of Trade Research, 67(5), 715–721.
Singh, G., Tiwari, D., & Yadav, S. P. (2016). Income enhancement and employment generation through apiculture enterprise for rural youth in Punjab. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 16(1), 112–115.
Sivakumar, M., Santhanam, R. K., & Ismail, W. I. W. (2023). Challenges And Opportunities In Beekee** And Honey Production During Covid-19 Pandemic–A Short Review. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 18(5), 217–227.
Syngkon, W. (2017). Problems and prospects of beekee** at Khatarshnong in Meghalaya. International Advanced Research, 5(8), 611-617.2.
Terán-Yépez, E., Jiménez-Castillo, D., & Sánchez-Pérez, M. (2022). The effect of international opportunity recognition processes on problem-solving competence: How does past negative entrepreneurial experience matter? Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 541–579.
Thomas, K. A., & Tounkara, S. Y. (2020). Apiculture and poverty reduction Nexus:- Evidence from rural households in Sikasso Region of Mali. Bee World, 97(1), 10–16.
Tripathi, S., Basumatary, S. K., Bera, S. K., Brahma, M., & Sarma, G. C. (2017). A palynological study of natural honeys from the Bongaigaon district of Assam, northeast India. Palynology, 41(3), 389–400.
Tulu, D., Aleme, M., Mengistu, G., Bogale, A., Bezabeh, A., & Mendesil, E. (2020). Improved beekee** technology in southwestern Ethiopia:- focus on beekeepers’ perception, adoption rate and adoption determinants. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1814070. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1814070
Verma, S., & Attri, P. K. (2008). Indigenous beekee** for sustainable development in Himachal Himalaya. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 7(2), 221-225.3.
Verma, T. C., Meena, K. C., Aswal, S., & Singh, D. K. (2018). Socio-personal and economic analysis of apiculture enterprise in Hadauoti Region of Rajasthan. Economic Affairs, 63(1), 261–268.
Verma, L.R. (1990) . Beekee** in Integrated Mountain Development:- Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Available at https://lib.icimod.org/record/25732/files/c_attachment_468_3721. Accessed May 19, 2017.
Von Bloh, J., Mandakovic, V., Apablaza, M., Amorós, J. E., & Sternberg, R. (2021). Transnational entrepreneurs:- opportunity or necessity driven? Empirical evidence from two dynamic economies from Latin America and Europe. In Diaspora Governance and Transnational Entrepreneurship (pp. 50–68). Routledge.
Wakagri, M., & Yigezu, G. (2021). Honeybee production constraints and important management practices of these challenges. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 7(1), 1872192. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1872192
Webster, B. D., & Edwards, B. D. (2019). Does holding a second job viewed as a calling impact one’s work at the primary job? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 114, 112–125.
Webster, N. A., & Haandrikman, K. (2022). Exploring the role of privilege in migrant women’s self- employment. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(6), 1534–1568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720969139
Wild, J. J., & Wild, K. L. (2019). International trade:- The challenges of globalization. Pearson.
Wu, K., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Chen, X., Hung, T. K., Wang, Z., & Lee, S. C. (2023). The impact of entrepreneurial resilience on the entrepreneurial intention of return migrants:- An empirical study based on survey data from multiple Provinces in China. SAGE Open, 13(2), 21582440231182656.
Yener, M., Doğruoğlu, B., & Ergun, S. (2014). Challenges of Internationalization for SMEs and Overcoming these Challenges:- A case study from Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 2–11.
Acknowledgements
The respected editor prof. Nezameddin Faghih and the two anonymous respected reviewers and others who recommended us for the modification of this paper at all stages are highly appreciated and we are personally obliged to all of you. And all the respondents who helped us in making this research study successful are appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors have full contribution to all areas in this research study. The first author contributes to designing questionnaire, survey, data collection, analysis, and designing and writing manuscript. The second author contributes to data collection, methodology, and analysis parts in the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Consent
This research did not include participation of endangered animal or human for testing in any form for taking consent.
Confidentiality
No any personal data like name and family background of respondents will be made available as they are reluctant to do so.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Entrepreneurship: Sha** the Future
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Talukdar, B., Saikia, J. Determinants of apiship acceptability as a primary and male dominance occupation in India. J Glob Entrepr Res 14, 22 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-024-00391-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-024-00391-7