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Precipitation Behaviour at the Interface of an Additively Manufactured M789–N709 Hybrid Alloy

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) Aims and scope

Abstract

A novel hybrid alloy, designed for plastic injection dies, was fabricated by depositing M789 steel on wrought N709 steel through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The M789–N709 interface (with a thickness of about 300 μm) is characterized by the variation of titanium content from 0 wt% in the N709 section to about 1 wt% near the M789 region. A thermodynamic and kinetic simulation after aging treatment was performed to reveal the precipitation behavior in the M789–N709 interface. Different sizes and amounts of ETA-Ni3(Ti,Al) strengthening precipitates exist, with a maximum volume fraction and radius of about 5% and 5 nm, respectively (near the M789 region). Moreover, the volume fraction of precipitates significantly increases with Ti additions of up to 0.6 wt% (i.e., 100 μm from the N709 region); however, beyond this threshold, the increase in the amount of precipitation becomes gradual. The thermodynamic and kinetic simulations performed in the interface are validated by electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and atomic probe tomography (APT) results; the measured precipitate size from the APT analysis is consistent with the simulation results. Two morphologies of precipitates were detected: elongated and spherical; both contribute to the robustness of the interface. The robust M789–N709 interface formed during the process shows good compatibility between the alloys, which is critical for extended tool life. These new insights about the precipitation at the interface of M789–N709 alloy are crucial in assessing the feasibility of N709 as a cost-effective base material to minimize the use of M789 when printing plastic injection dies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the funding received from a McCain Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (RGPIN-04006, ALLRP-560425), the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)(38944), and the New Brunswick Innovation Foundation (NBIF) (RAI2021-016, EP2021-005).

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Author notes

  1. Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa and Yuan Tian have authors equally contributed to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada

    Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa, Kanwal Chadha & Clodualdo Aranas Jr

  2. voestalpine Additive Manufacturing Centre Ltd., Mississauga, ON, L5N 7Y3, Canada

    Yuan Tian

  3. Planetary and Space Science Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada

    Kanwal Chadha

  4. Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia

    Lu Jiang & Thomas Dorin

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  1. Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa
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Correspondence to Kudakwashe Nyamuchiwa.

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Nyamuchiwa, K., Tian, Y., Chadha, K. et al. Precipitation Behaviour at the Interface of an Additively Manufactured M789–N709 Hybrid Alloy. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 36, 1353–1370 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-023-01558-z

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