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Classic and alternative disinfection practices for preventing of hospital-acquired infections: a systemic review

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Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technologies are well-known tools for microbial prevention in indoor public places which are frequently employed for disinfecting air, surfaces, and water. Such technologies have drawn a great deal of interest due to its potential application, especially in the domain of healthcare. This article discusses the shortcomings of chemical disinfectants and analyzes the current research standing on the development of various types of UV disinfection technologies for their prospective usage in the healthcare industry. Furthermore, the article provides a thorough analysis and in-depth evaluation of the current antibacterial studies using UV lamps and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for the treatment of frequently encountered pathogens associated with healthcare. According to the systematic review, UV-LEDs have shown to be a potential source for delivering disinfection which is equally efficient or more effective than traditionally used UV lamps. The findings also provide valuable considerations for potentially substituting conventional lamps with LEDs that would be less expensive, more efficient, more robust, non-fragile and safer. With greater effectiveness and advantages, UV-LEDs have shown to be the potential UV source that could fundamentally be able to transform the disinfection industry. Therefore, the study supports the employment of UV-LED technology as a better and workable approach for effective disinfection applications. The study also offers insightful information that will help to direct future studies in the domain of hygienic practices used in healthcare facilities.

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Change history

  • 19 May 2024

    Original version of this article corrected for figure 3 change.

Abbreviations

HAI:

Healthcare associated infection

ICU:

Intensive care unit

EPIC:

Extended Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care

NI:

Nosocomial infection

HCW:

Healthcare worker

MDR:

Multidrug-resistant

S. aureus :

Staphylococcus aureus

E. faecium :

Enterococcus faecium

K. pneumoniae :

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A. baumannii :

Acinetobacter baumannii

P. aeruginosa :

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

S. pneumoniae :

Streptococcus pneumoniae

SSIs:

Surgical sites infections

CDC:

Centers for disease control and prevention

BSI:

Bloodstream infection

CRBCI:

Catheter-related bloodstream infections

LRTI:

Lower respiratory tract infections

UTI:

Urinary tract infection

C. albicans :

Candida albicans

VAP:

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

S. maltophilia :

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

HAP:

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

K. oxytoca :

Klebsiella oxytoca

S. marcescens :

Serratia marcescens

S. maltophilia :

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

A. fumigatus :

Aspergillus fumigatus

H. influenzae :

Haemophilus influenzae

VRE:

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus

C. auris :

Candida auris

P. mirabilis :

Proteus mirabilis

C. parapsilosis :

Candida parapsilosis

A. fumigatus :

Aspergillus fumigatus

L. monocytogenes :

Listeria monocytogenes

E. cloacae :

Enterobacter cloacae

NTM:

Nontuberculous mycobacteria

GN:

Gram-negative

BWI:

Burn wound infections

NB:

Nosocomial bacteremia

REACH:

Researching Effective Approaches to Cleaning in Hospitals

NTD:

No-touch automated disinfection

VHP:

Vaporized hydrogen peroxide

HPV:

Hydrogen peroxide vapor

aHP:

Aerosolized hydrogen peroxide

UV:

Ultraviolet

LED:

Light-emitting diode

PX:

Pulse xenon

Hg:

Mercury

LP:

Low pressure

MP:

Medium pressure

GaN:

Gallium nitride

AGaN:

Aluminum gallium nitride

SMD:

Surface mount device

TB:

Tuberculosis

M. luteus:

Micrococcus luteus

HED:

Handheld electronic devices

ORs:

Operating rooms

UR-UVGI-LEDs:

Upper-room UV germicidal irradiation LEDs

SPD:

Spectral power distribution

MVL:

Mercury vapor lamps

AB:

Aerobic bacteria

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Program

EPS:

Extracellular polymeric substances

DSB:

Dry surface biofilms

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme: (FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UTM/02/105,Vat No. 5F282) for financially supporting this work.

Funding

The research leading to these results received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MoHE) (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme: (FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UTM/02/105,Vat No. 5F282).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. V01, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    J. Sheikh, T. T. Swee, S. Saidin, M. T. F. Thye & L. K. Meng

  2. IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    T. T. Swee & S. Saidin

  3. Department of Bio-Medical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore-Narowal Campus, Narowal, 51600, Punjab, Pakistan

    S. A. Malik

  4. Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    L. S. Chua

  5. General Electric (GE Healthcare), Guangzhou, China

    M. Kun

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Contributions

All of the authors named in the paper have made substantial contributions to the creation and writing of this article. Mr. Jahanzeb Sheikh contributed to writing–original draft, investigation, resources, and formal analysis; Dr. Tan Tian Swee was involved in supervision and visualization; Dr. Syafiqah Saidin contributed to project administration and writing—review and editing; Dr. Chua Lee Suan was involved in validation, visualization, and co-supervision; Dr. Sameen Ahmed Malik contributed to visualization and resources; and Mr. Leong Kah Meng, Mr. Matthias Tiong Foh Thye, Ma Kun were involved in validation.

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Correspondence to T. T. Swee.

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Sheikh, J., Swee, T.T., Saidin, S. et al. Classic and alternative disinfection practices for preventing of hospital-acquired infections: a systemic review. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 8261–8296 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05635-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05635-3

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