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Medical image watermarking: a survey on applications, approach and performance requirement compliance

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Abstract

Medical images are fundamentally utilized for rendering diagnostic and treatment to patients. Medical images are a patient body or part captured using medical imaging devices such as CT, X-Ray, PET, MRI, and US. Technological advancement introduces E-Healthcare systems, Telemedicine, and Electronic Health Information Systems (EHIS) enabling medical images to flow over the public network for remote healthcare services. The manipulation or replacement of medical images is fatal to the well-being of a patient, thereby requiring protection using watermarking. Watermarking is a data security approach toward protecting medical images against abuse by unauthorized personnel via providing confidentiality, authentication, and integrity verification. The dynamism and importance of medical image watermarking require constant literature update on trends, issues, and challenges which leading to the forgoing research survey. The survey proposes to highlight trending application areas in medical image watermarking research and evaluation of the recent approach adopted by researchers. Furthermore, the survey evaluates existing work in compliance with the standard benchmark requirement in design and performance and presents a discussion on the way forward to other possible research opportunities in the medical image watermarking domain.

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Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agencies either in the public, commercial or non-profit sectors. Emphatically, there is no funding received with respect to this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

    Shehu Ayuba & Wan Mohd Nazmee Wan Zainon

  2. Department of Computer Science, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Adustech, Wudil, Kano, 713281, Nigeria

    Shehu Ayuba

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  1. Shehu Ayuba
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  2. Wan Mohd Nazmee Wan Zainon
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Contributions

Conceptualization was contributed by SA and WMNWZ. Methodology was contributed by SA. Formal Analysis and investigation were contributed by SA. Writing original draft preparation was contributed by SA. Writing—review and editing, was contributed by WMNWZ. Supervision was contributed by WMNWZ.

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Correspondence to Shehu Ayuba.

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Ayuba, S., Zainon, W.M.N.W. Medical image watermarking: a survey on applications, approach and performance requirement compliance. Int J Multimed Info Retr 12, 33 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13735-023-00290-9

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