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Évaluation du risque de transmission materno-fœtale du virus de l’hépatite B en consultation prénatale à Vientiane, Laos

Assessment of mother-to-child HBV transmission at the prenatal consultation in Vientiane, Laos

  • Santé Publique / Public Health
  • Published:
Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique

Résumé

L’infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) reste hautement endémique au Laos. Elle est principalement liée à la transmission mère-enfant. Malgré l’introduction de la vaccination anti-VHB dans le programme élargi de vaccination en 2001 et l’administration de la première dose de vaccin le jour de la naissance depuis 2004, la couverture vaccinale des nourrissons demeure insuffisante. Une enquête a été réalisée en 2013 dans la capitale, Vientiane, auprès des femmes qui bénéficient d’une sérologie de dépistage de l’hépatite B lors de la consultation prénatale, afin d’évaluer leurs connaissances et leurs facteurs de risque d’infection par le VHB. Elle comportait l’administration d’un questionnaire (données socio-démographiques, connaissances sur l’hépatite B, facteurs de risque et statut vaccinal) et un test de dépistage de l’antigène de surface du VHB (Ag HBs). Au total, 200 femmes enceintes ont été recrutées de façon consécutive à l’hôpital Mahosot. Agées de 14 à 39 ans, fonctionnaires (37 %) ou femmes au foyer (33,5 %), elles avaient un niveau d’études au moins secondaire (80 %). La majorité étaient multipares (68,5 %) et consultaient au troisième trimestre de grossesse (61 %). Seize (8 %) étaient porteuses de l’Ag HBs. L’hépatite B était connue d’une faible majorité (53 %), mais 26 % pouvaient en citer les modes de transmission, 28 % la considéraient comme une maladie grave et 24,5 % connaissaient l’existence d’un vaccin. Aucun facteur de risque d’infection par le VHB n’est apparu significativement associé au portage de l’Ag HBs. Dans cet échantillon de femmes, en majorité citadines, éduquées et multipares, ayant accès à un hôpital central, le taux élevé d’infection par le VHB et le manque de connaissances sur le risque de transmission materno-fœtale révèlent une lacune majeure d’information lors des visites prénatales. Un programme d’éducation sanitaire ciblé sur la prévention de la transmission verticale du VHB doit accompagner l’extension de la couverture vaccinale des nourrissons au Laos.

Abstract

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains highly endemic in Laos, mainly related to mother to child transmission. Despite the introduction of the vaccination against HBV in the Expanded Programme on Immunization in 2001 and the administration of a vaccine birth dose as part of a 3-dose schedule since 2004, infant immunization coverage remains inadequate because most mothers are not aware of the risks. A survey was conducted in early 2013 in Vientiane capital among women who undergo serologic screening for hepatitis B at the prenatal consultation, to assess their knowledge and risk factors of HBV infection. It included the administration of a standardized questionnaire divided into four parts (socio-demographic data, knowledge about hepatitis B, risk factors and immunization status) and a screening test for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). A total of 200 pregnant women were recruited consecutively in Mahosot hospital. They were aged 14-39 years (mean 27 ± 4.76 years), civil servants (37%) or housewives (33.5%) with a secondary or higher education level (80%). Most were multiparous (68.5%) and attended antenatal care in the third trimester of pregnancy (61%). Sixteen (8%) tested HBsAg positive. The HBsAg seroprevalence was higher in the 26-30 years age group, among women above the primary school education level and women practicing the profession of shopkeeper or civil servant, but these differences were not significant. Hepatitis B was known by a small majority (53%) but 26% could name the routes of transmission, 28% considered it as a serious illness and 24.5% were aware of the HBV vaccine. No risk factor for blood or sexual exposure to HBVinfection was significantly linked to the HBsAg carriage. In this sample of pregnant women mostly urban, educated and multiparous with access to a central hospital, the high rate of HBV infection and the low level of knowledge about the risk of mother-to-child HBV transmission reveals a major gap in information and advice that should be provided during prenatal visits. A large scale program of health education focused on the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV should be implemented, parallel to the extension of HBV vaccine coverage including a birth dose for the Lao children.

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Correspondence to Y. Buisson.

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Xaydalasouk, K., Keomalaphet, S., Latthaphasavang, V. et al. Évaluation du risque de transmission materno-fœtale du virus de l’hépatite B en consultation prénatale à Vientiane, Laos. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 109, 13–19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-016-0474-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-016-0474-5

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