Abstract
Buckling failure is a special form of a landslide, and it has been little debated in the literature so far. There have been few studies conducted on this type of slope failure, and the corresponding reinforcement measure research has also been rarely conducted. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to provide systematic guidance for the reinforcement and monitoring of such a slope. In this study, a new type of slope test system is developed, and the reinforcement effect of double-row piles was studied using simplified laboratory tests. Under the conditions of no pile and piles, load tests on the sliding body were carried out, and the ultimate loads that can be borne by the slope sliding body under these two conditions were analyzed. The multivariate information evolution of stress, displacement, and pile deformation under these two conditions were studied using multiple monitoring methods. The results showed that anti-slide piles can significantly improve the ability of the sliding body to withstand external loads. For the condition of no piles, 4 kN/m (20.55 kPa) was the critical value and the critical load the slope could bear reached 10 kN/m (51.38 kPa) after the installation of piles. The first row of piles withstood more load than the second row of piles, and double-row pile reinforcement can effectively improve the anti-slip safety reserve. In addition, monitoring of the deformation of the slope and anti-sliding piles should focus on the position of the sliding body and the slip face. Based on the results of laboratory tests, on-site field monitoring was then conducted on the target slope, including displacement monitoring at different positions on the slope before and after anti-slide pile construction, deformation monitoring of anti-slide piles, and rock stress monitoring around anti-slide piles. Monitoring results showed that the slope deformation and rock mass stress tended to be stable after anti-sliding pile construction, and the anti-slide piles were conducive to a safe state. The results of this study provide a useful reference for the reinforcement and monitoring of buckling failure in an actual slope.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig5_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12665-020-09288-6/MediaObjects/12665_2020_9288_Fig15_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cavers DS (1981) Simple methods to analyze buckling of rock slopes. Rock Mech Rock Eng 14:87–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01239857
Chen Z, Wang Z, ** H, Yang Z, Zou L, Zhou Z, Zhou C (2016) Recent advances in high slope reinforcement in China: case studies. J Rock Mech Geotech 8(6):775–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.11.001
Du Y, **e MW, Jiang YJ, Li B, Chicas S (2017) Experimental rock stability assessment using the frozen–thawing test. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(4):1049–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1138-2
Duncan JM, Wright SG, Brandon TL (2014) Soil strength and slope stability. John Wiley & Sons.
Fidolini F, Pazzi V, Frodella W, Morelli S, Fanti R (2015) Geomorphological characterization, monitoring and modeling of the Monte Rotolon complex landslide (Recoaro Terme, Italy). Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, vol 2. Springer, Cham, pp 1311–1315
Frank R, Pouget P (2008) Experimental pile subjected to long duration thrusts owing to a moving slope. Géotechnique 58(8):645–658. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.8.645
Guo WD (2015) Nonlinear response of laterally loaded rigid piles in sliding soil. Can Geotech J 52(7):903–925. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0168
He Z, Wang B (2018) Instability process model test for bedding rock slope with weak interlayer under different rainfall conditions. Adv Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8201031 (Article ID 8201031)
Hu J, Li S, Li L, Shi S, Zhou Z, Liu H, He P (2018) Field, experimental, and numerical investigation of a rockfall above a tunnel portal in southwestern China. B Eng Geol Environ 77(4):1365–1382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1152-y
Ito T, Matsui T (1975) Methods to estimate lateral force acting on stabilizing piles. Soils Found 15(4):43–59. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.15.4_43
Jia GW, Zhan TL, Chen YM, Fredlund DG (2009) Performance of a large-scale slope model subjected to rising and lowering water levels. Eng Geol 106(1–2):92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.03.003
Jiang QH, Zhou CB (2017) A rigorous solution for the stability of polyhedral rock blocks. Comput Geotech 90:190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.06.012
Jiang Q, Wei W, **e N, Zhou C (2016) Stability analysis and treatment of a reservoir landslide under impounding conditions: a case study. Environ Earth Sci 75(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4790-z
Jiao YY, Zhang HQ, Tang HM, Zhang XL, Adoko AC, Tian HN (2014) Simulating the process of reservoir-impoundment-induced landslide using the extended DDA method. Eng Geol 182:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.08.016
Ju NP, Li LQ, Huang RQ (2018) Dynamic failure mechanism study of steep bedding rock slopes. Adv Eng Sci 50(3):54–63. https://doi.org/10.15961/j.jsuese.201800343 (in Chinese)
Kourkoulis R, Gelagoti F, Anastasopoulos I, Gazetas G (2011) Slope stabilizing piles and pile-groups: parametric study and design insights. J Geotech Geoenviron 137(7):63–677. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000479
Li CD, Wu JJ, Tang HM, Hu XL, Liu XW, Wang C, Liu T, Zhang YQ (2016) Model testing of the response ofstabilizing piles in landslides with upper hard and lower weak bedrock. Eng Geol 204:65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.02.002
Lin F, Wu LZ, Huang RQ, Zhang H (2018) Formation and characteristics of the **aoba landslide in Fuquan, Guizhou, China. Landslides 15(4):669–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0897-5
Poulos HG (1995) Design of reinforcing piles to increase slope stability. Can Geotech J 32(5):800–818. https://doi.org/10.1139/t95-078
Qiao LP, Li SC, Wang ZC, Tian H, Bi L (2016) Geotechnical monitoring on the stability of a pilot underground crude-oil storage facility during the construction phase in China. Measurement 82:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.01.017
Qin S, Jiao JJ, Wang S (2001) A cusp catastrophe model of instability of slip-buckling slope. Rock Mech Rock Eng 34(2):119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006030170018
Song YS, Hong WP, Woo KS (2012) Behavior and analysis of supporting piles installed in a cut slope during heavy rainfall. Eng Geol 129–130(12):56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.01.012
Tang H, Hu X, Xu C, Li C, Yong R, Wang L (2014) A novel approach for determining landslide pushing force based on landslide-pile interactions. Eng Geol 182:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.024
Usluogullari OF, Temugan A, Duman ES (2016) Comparison of slope stabilization methods by three-dimensional finite element analysis. Nat Hazards 81(2):1027–1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2118-7
Wang W, Chigira M, Furuya T (2003) Geological and geomorphological precursors of the Chiu-fen-erh-shan landslide triggered by the Chi-chi earthquake in central Taiwan. Eng Geol 69:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00244-2
Wei WB, Cheng YM, Li L (2009) Three-dimensional slope failure analysis by the strength reduction and limit equilibrium methods. Comput Geotech 36(1–2):70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.03.003
Yan ZL, Wang JJ, Chai HJ (2010) Influence of water level fluctuation on phreatic line in silty soil model slope. Eng Geol 113(1):90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.02.004
Yang G (2011) Study on failure mechanism and dynamic response rules of rock slope under earthquake. Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei**g
Zhang QB, He L, Zhu WS (2016) Displacement measurement techniques and numerical verification in 3D geomechanical model tests of an underground cavern group. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 56:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.029
Zhang SL, Zhu ZH, Qi SC, Hu YX, Du Q, Zhou JW (2018) Deformation process and mechanism analyses for a planar sliding in the Mayanpo massive bedding rock slope at the **angjiaba Hydropower Station. Landslides 15(10):2061–2073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1041-x
Zhu D, Yan E, Hu G, Lin Y (2011) Revival deformation mechanismof hefeng landslide in the three gorges reservoir based on FLAC3D software. Procedia Eng 15:2847–2851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.536
Zhu HH, Shi B, Yan JF, Zhang J, Zhang CC, Wang BJ (2014) Fiber Bragg grating-based performance monitoring of a slope model subjected to seepage. Smart Mater Struct 23(9):639–650. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/095027
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51609138; 51608336), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (E2017210147) and Collaborative Innovation Center for Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of large basic infrastructure in Hebei Provence. The model tests were performed at the Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center of Shandong University, and the help is highly appreciated. Great appreciation goes to the editorial board and the reviewers of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Q., Hu, J., Du, Y. et al. A laboratory and field-monitoring experiment on the ability of anti-slide piles to prevent buckling failures in bedding slopes. Environ Earth Sci 80, 44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09288-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09288-6