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Zeolitization of Fumed Silica and Coal Fly Ash Using the Taguchi Method Toward Organic Pollutant Removal

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Abstract

This study aims to inspect the effect of hydrothermal parameters on the zeolitization of coal fly ash and fumed silica using the L9 orthogonal Taguchi method. The Si/Al ratio, NaOH concentration, synthesis time, and hydrothermal temperature were considered as the operational parameters. The formed crystals were examined using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, TG–DTA, BET, Raman microscopy, contact angle, and cation exchange capacity measurements. The effects of the different parameters were investigated by mean and variance analysis. The ideal levels of the zeolitization process were revealed to be high temperature (140 °C), medium concentration (1.5 M), lower Si/Al ratio (4), and long-time treatment (36 h). The zeolitization rate of started materials reached 84% and Na-P1 zeolite was the main neoformed phase with high crystallinity (104%). The obtained zeolite is found to be an effective and cheap adsorbent to deal with organic pollutants such as Methylene blue (33.74 mg/g) with a removal rate of 99.8%.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the help provided by the Center of Analysis and Characterization (CAC) at Caddy Ayyad University (Marrakech, Morocco) and Ataturk University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Turkey).

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The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Biomass, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco

    A. Ait Baha, R. Idouhli, M. Khadiri, O. Zakir & A. Abouelfida

  2. LIPIM Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, P.O. Box 77, Khouribga, Morocco

    K. Tabit

  3. Laboratory of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environment, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco

    O. Zakir

  4. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ataturk University, Istanbul, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey

    B. Dikici

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Contributions

A. Ait Baha handled all the experiments and wrote the main manuscript text. R. Idouhli and K. Tabit corrected the manuscript. O. Zakir intervened in the experimental part. B. Dikici helped with the material analysis. M. Khadiri and A. Abouelfida supervised the present work. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Ait Baha, A., Tabit, K., Idouhli, R. et al. Zeolitization of Fumed Silica and Coal Fly Ash Using the Taguchi Method Toward Organic Pollutant Removal. Silicon 15, 6173–6184 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02501-8

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