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Quantifying Susceptibility to Solidification Cracking in Oscillated CM247LC Superalloy Welds via Varestraint Testing

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Abstract

CM247LC, a Ni-based superalloy, is employed in the high-temperature components of gas turbines, such as the blades. However, the welds of CM247LC are highly susceptible to various types of cracking, thereby limiting the applicability of this superalloy. To overcome this critical limitation, in this paper, we propose a novel Varestraint test procedure for evaluating the susceptibility of oscillated CM247LC welds to solidification cracking. By visualizing the temperature in real time during testing, we quantitatively evaluate changes in the susceptibility of CM247LC to solidification cracking owing to arc oscillation. The solidification cracking temperature range (SCTR) for the CM247LC alloy is 400 K in the case of linear welding, whereas it is 275  and 475 K in the case of oscillation welding at frequencies of 0.6 and 1.2 Hz, respectively. Notably, the SCTR narrows or widens depending on the oscillation conditions. By contrast, almost no changes in the mushy zone range are theoretically calculated via the diffusion-controlled Scheil equation. This result suggests that the SCTR must be closely examined according to the oscillation conditions in the welding-based manufacturing of gas turbine blades from CM247LC. The mechanism underlying the reduction in the SCTR under oscillation welding (0.6 Hz) is clarified based on the relationship between the solidification microstructure in the crack path and propagation behavior of the solidification crack. This mechanism is also explained by the equiaxed dendritic subgrain structure, the formation of which is attributed to the lower ratio between the obtained temperature gradient (G) and the sonification rate (R), i.e., G/R (47.26 K∙s/mm2) of the oscillated welds compared with those of the linear welds (146.34 K∙s/mm2), which enhances the crack propagation resistance. Furthermore, solidification grain refinement, which also could have enhanced the solidification crack propagation resistance, is detected.

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Abbreviations

SCTR:

Solidification cracking temperature range

GTAW:

Gas tungsten arc welding

IPF:

Inverse pole figure

IQ:

Image quality

CRS:

Critical strain rate

G:

Temperature gradient

R:

Sonification rate

EBDS:

Electron backscatter diffraction

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

EPMA:

Electron probe microanalysis

OM:

Optical microscopy

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Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy of the Republic of Korea [Grant Number: 20011103].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea

    Kyeong-Min Kim & Eun-Joon Chun

  2. Gas Turbine Materials Engineering Team, Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction, Changwon, 51711, Republic of Korea

    Uijong Lee

  3. High Temperature Materials Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea

    Hyungsoo Lee & Seong-Moon Seo

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  1. Kyeong-Min Kim
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Correspondence to Eun-Joon Chun.

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Kim, KM., Lee, U., Lee, H. et al. Quantifying Susceptibility to Solidification Cracking in Oscillated CM247LC Superalloy Welds via Varestraint Testing. Met. Mater. Int. 29, 777–794 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01250-4

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