Abstract
Climate variability is a highly debated and unavoidable global environmental challenge that has adverse effects on Ethiopia, a develo** country. Hence, the objective of this research is to examine the changes in rainfall patterns in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia, from 1981 to 2018, considering both spatial and temporal aspects. The study utilized a time-series dataset of climate information, which had a spatial resolution of 4 × 4 km, obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia. Supplementary data was also acquired from the Ethiopian Space Science and Geospatial Institute. To examine the rainfall variability, statistical measures such as the coefficient of variation (CV) and standardized anomaly index (SAI) were employed. Geospatial technologies and “R” programming were also used to perform a non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s slope estimator for the investigation of both the trend and magnitude of changes. The annual, Kiremt (main rainy), and Belg (spring) seasons rainfall exhibited low to moderate variability with CV < 20% and CV < 30%, respectively, and very high variability for the Belg season (CV > 30%). The Bega season’s variability was extreme (CV > 70%). In contrast, decadal rainfall variability was generally very low (CV < 10%). The months from October to March showed higher inter-monthly variability, with CV exceeding 100%. In contrast, the Kiremt season, July, and August, experienced lower inter-monthly variability (CV < 30%). The western, north-east, and southern parts of Addis Ababa demonstrated relatively higher rainfall variability, and the trends decreased in all seasons and months, except the Kiremt season and the months of May, June, and September. However, none of these seasonal and monthly changes were statistically significant (P > 0.05). The study identified 6 years (1982, 1984, 1997, 1999, 2014, and 2015) with varying degrees of drought. Consequently, the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation should be considered in development plans, disaster risk reduction strategies, and policy measures such as flood management.
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Data availability
The main dataset used for this research was meteorological data obtained from the Ethiopian Meteorological Agency. The dataset consisted of monthly precipitation data that covered a total of 38 years (1981–2018). In addition, supporting data, such as study area administrative data, were obtained from the Ethiopian Space Science and Geospatial Institute.
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Acknowledgements
Our heartfelt gratitude goes to the Ethiopian Meterological Agency for providing the pertinent data required for this study. This study would not have been possible without this data. In addition, I would like to thank the Ethiopian Space Science and Geospatial Institute for providing administrative data.
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The authors confirm their respective contributions to the paper as follows:
Mr. Esuablew Nebebe Mekonnen was responsible for concept development, meteorological data acquisition, data quality check, data preparation and logical structuring, organization of the theme of the paper, analyzing and interpreting the analysis results, and draft manuscript preparation.
Dr. Ephrem Gebremariam, Dr. Aramde Fetene, and Dr. Shimeles Damene: interpreted the analysis output, reviewed the first draft manuscript, enhanced the manuscript quality, rewrote sections of the manuscript, and restructured the flow of the paper.
Mr. Esubalew Nebebe Mekonnen revised the manuscript as per the comments and suggestions given, considerably improving the quality of the original work and rewriting the manuscript.
Finally, all authors rigorously reviewed the corrected manuscript, identified a reputable journal that fits the scope of the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
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Mekonnen, E.N., Gebremariam, E., Fetene, A. et al. Remote sensing-based spatio-temporal rainfall variability analysis: the case of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Appl Geomat 16, 365–385 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-024-00554-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-024-00554-x