SpringerLink
Log in

Strong ground motion simulation techniques—a review in world context

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Strong motion studies continue to be a very active field in seismology, and the use of simulation techniques in this context will continue to be an important endeavour in the coming years. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent progress and also pioneering efforts for the most prevalent simulation techniques including stochastic simulation technique (SST), empirical Green’s function technique (EGFT), composite source modelling technique (CSMT) and semi-empirical technique (SET). Attempts are also made to analyse the impact of each and every technique in terms of input parameters, output, advantages and limitations. The detailed analysis of trends we discussed herein indicates that every technique has its own metiers and flaws; hence, it is very difficult to select a simulation technique for a particular task. In conclusion, we hope that this overview would help the seismologists and earthquake engineers to look at this area of study from different angles to reveal some hidden opportunities. This will serve as an inspiration to improve the existing techniques for seismic hazard analysis and modelling of future earthquakes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrahamson NA, Litehiser JJ (1989) Attenuation of vertical peak acceleration. Bull Seismol Soc Am 79:549–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki K (1967) Scaling law of seismic spectrums. J Geophys Res 72:1217–1231

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki K (1982) Strong motion prediction using mathematical modeling techniques. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72(6):S29–S41

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JG (1991) Strong motion seismology. Rev Geophys 29(Part 2):700–720

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews DJ (1980) A stochastic fault model. I static case. J Geophys Res 85:3867–3877

    Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo D, García D, Ordaz M, Mora MA, Singh SK (2010) Strong ground-motion relations for Mexican interplate earthquakes. J Seismol 14:769–785

    Google Scholar 

  • Asano K, Iwata T (2012) Source model for strong ground motion generation in 0.1–10 Hz during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planets Space 64:1111–1123

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson GM, Boore DM (1995) Ground motion relations for Eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson GM, Boore DM (1997) Stochastic point-source modelling of ground motions in the Cascadia region. Seismol Res Lett 68:74–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson GM, Boore DM (2006) Earthquake ground-motion prediction equations for Eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(6):2181–2205

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson GM, Silva W (2000) Stochastic modelling of California ground motions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 90:255–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Bansal BK, Singh SK, Dharmaraju R, Pacheco JF, Ordaz M, Dattatrayam RS, Suresh G (2009) Source study of two small earthquakes of Delhi, India, and estimation of ground motion from future moderate, local events. J Seismol 13:89–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Beresnev IA, Atkinson GM (1997) Modelling finite-fault radiation from the ωn spectrum. Bull Seismol Soc Am 87:67–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatwright J (1982) A dynamic model for far–field acceleration. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72:1049–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatwright J (1988) The seismic radiation from computer models of faulting. Bull Seismol Soc Am 78:489–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Boore DM (1983) Stochastic simulation of high frequency ground motion based on seismological models of radiated spectra. Bull Seismol Soc Am 73:1865–1894

    Google Scholar 

  • Boore DM (2003) Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure Appl Geophys 160:635–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Boore DM, Joyner WB (1991) Estimation of ground motion at deep soil sites in eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 81:2167–2185

    Google Scholar 

  • Boore DM, Joyner WB, Oliver AA, Page RA (1980) Peak acceleration, velocity and displacement from strong motion records. Bull Seismol Soc Am 70:305–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Boore DM, Campbell KW, Atkinson GM (2010) Determination of stress parameters for eight well-recorded earthquakes in Eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 100:1632–1645

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW (1981) Near source attenuation of peak horizontal acceleration. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71(6):2039–2070

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW (1997) Empirical near–source attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra. Seismol Res Lett 68(1):154–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW (2001) Hybrid empirical model for estimating strong ground motion in regions of limited strong–motion recordings. Proc. of the OECD/NEA workshop on the engineering characterization of seismic input, NEA/CSNI/R(2000)2, Nuclear Energy Agency Paris, 1:315–332

  • Chopra S, Kumar V, Suthar A, Kumar P (2012a) Modeling of strong ground motions for 1991 Uttarkashi, 1999 Chamoli earthquakes, and a hypothetical great earthquake in Garhwal-Kumaun Himalaya. Nat Hazards 64(2):1141–1159

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra S, Kumar D, Choudhury P, Yadav RBS (2012b) Stochastic finite fault modelling of Mw 4.8 earthquake in Kachchh, Gujarat, India. J Seismol 16:435–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury P, Chopra S, Roy KS, Sharma J (2016) Ground motion modelling in the Gujarat region of western India using empirical Green's function approach. Tectonophysics 675:7–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Coats DA, Kanamori H, Houston H (1984) Simulation of strong ground motion from the 1964 Alaskan earthquake (Abs). Earthquake Notes 55:18

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas J (2011) Ground–motion prediction equations 1964–2010. PEER report 2011/102, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, UC Berkeley

  • Douglas J, Aochi H (2008) A survey of techniques for predicting earthquake ground motions for engineering purposes. Surv Geophys 29:187–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdik M, Durukal E (2003) Simulation modeling of strong ground motion. In: Earthquake engineering handbook, chap 6, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton

  • Frankel A (1991) High–frequency spectral falloff of earthquakes, fractal dimension of complex rupture, b value, and scaling of strength on faults. J Geophys Res 96:6291–6302

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel A (1995) Simulating strong motion of large earthquakes using recordings of small earthquakes: the Loma Prietamainshock as a test case. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:1144–1160

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama E, Irikura K (1986) Rupture process of the 1983 Japan sea (Akita-Oki) earthquake using a waveform inversion method. Bull Seismol Soc Am 76:1623–1640

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghasemi H, Fukushima Y, Koketsu K, Miyake H, Wang Z, Anderson JG (2010) Ground–motion simulation for the 2008 Wenchuan, China, earthquake using the stochastic finite-fault method. Bull Seismol Soc Am 100:2476–2490

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley DM, Helmberger DV (1980) Simulation of ground motions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 70:617–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley DM, Helmberger DV, Orcutt JA (1982) Peak acceleration scaling studies. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72:959–979

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks TC (1979) b values and ω–γ seismic source models: implications for tectonic stress variations along active crustal fault zones and the estimation of high–frequency strong ground motion. J Geophys Res 84(B5):2235–2242

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks TC, McGuire RK (1981) The character of high frequency ground motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71:2071–2095

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell SH (1978) Earthquake aftershocks as Green’s functions. Geophys Res Lett 5:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell SH (1982) Simulation of ground accelerations for May 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72:2381–2387

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton TH, Hartzell SH (1989) Estimation of strong ground motions from hypothetical earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone, Pacific Northwest. Pure Appl Geophys 129:131–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Housner GW, Jennings PC (1964) Generation of artificial earthquakes. Proc ASCE 90:113–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston H, Kanamori H (1984) The effect of asperities on short period seismic radiation with application on rupture process and strong motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 76:19–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings L (1985) Modelling earthquakes with empirical Green’s functions (abs). Earthquake Notes 56:14

    Google Scholar 

  • Imagawa K, Mikami N, Mikumo T (1984) Analytical and semi empirical synthesis of near-field seismic waveforms for investigating the rupture mechanism of major earthquakes. J Physics Earth 32:317–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Irikura K (1983) Semi empirical estimation of strong ground motion during large earthquakes. Bull Dis Prevent Res Inst 33:63–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Irikura K (1986) Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green’s function. Proceedings of the 7th Japan earthquake engineering symposium, pp 151–156

  • Irikura K, Kamae K (1994) Estimation of strong ground motion in broad–frequency band based on a seismic source scaling model and an empirical Green’s function technique. Ann Geofis XXXVII 6:1721–1743

    Google Scholar 

  • Irikura K, Muramatu I (1982) Synthesis of strong ground motions from large earthquakes using observed seismograms of small events. Proc. of the Third International Microzonation Conference, Seattle, pp 447–458

  • Iyengar RN, Iyengar KTSR (1969) A nonstationary random process model for earthquake accelerograms. Bull Seismol Soc Am 59:1163–1188

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A (2001) Strong motion modelling of the source of the Chamoli earthquake of March 29, 1999 in the Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Seismol 5:499–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Midorikawa S (2004) A simplified method for simulation of strong ground motion using rupture model of the earthquake source. J Seismol 8:467–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Mohan K (2008) Simulation of accelerograms from simplified deterministic approach for the 23rd October 2004 Niigata–ken Chuetsu earthquake. J Seismol 12:35–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Patel RC (1997) Modelling of active lineaments for predicting a possible earthquake scenario around Dehradun, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Tectonophysics 283:289–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Sandeep K (2014) Modelling of strong motion generation areas of the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake using modified semi empirical technique. Nat Hazards 71:587–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Kumar B, Sinvhal A, Sinvhal H (1999) Generation of synthetic accelerograms by modelling of rupture plane. J Earthquake Tech 36:43–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Kumari P, Sharma ML, Ghosh AK, Agarwal MK, Ravikiran A (2012a) A strong motion model of the 2004 great Sumatra earthquake: simulation using a modified semi empirical method. J Earthquake Tsunami 6:1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Kumari P, Singh S, Sharma ML (2012b) Near–field and far–field simulation of accelerograms of Sikkim earthquake of September 18, 2011 using modified semi empirical approach. Nat Hazards 64:1029–1054

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi A, Kuo CH, Dhibar P, Sandeep, Sharma ML, Wen KL, Lin CM (2015) Simulation of the records of the 27th March 2013, Nantou Taiwan earthquake using modified semi-empirical approach. Nat Hazards 78:995–1020

  • Joyner WB, Boore DM (1981) Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong motion records including records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71:2011–2038

    Google Scholar 

  • Kakehi Y, Irikura K (1996) Estimation of high–frequency wave radiation areas on the fault plane by the envelope inversion of acceleration seismograms. Geophys J Int 125:892–900

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamae K, Irikura K (1998) Source model of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbuearthquake and simulation of near-source ground motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88:400–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamae K, Kawabe H (2004) Source model composed of asperities for the 2003 Tokachi–oki, Japan, earthquake (MJMA = 8.0) estimated by the empirical Green’s function method. Earth Planets Space 56:323–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori H (1979) A semi empirical approach to prediction of long period ground motions from great earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 69:1645–1670

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori H, Anderson DL (1975) Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65:1073–1095

    Google Scholar 

  • Koketsu K, Miyake H, Fujiwara H, Hashimoto T (2008) Progress towards a Japan integrated velocity structure model and long–period ground motion hazard map, Proc. 14th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., paper no. S10–038

  • Kumar D, Teotia SS, Khattri KN (1997) The representation of attenuation charactersticks of strong ground motion observed in the 1996 Dharamshala and 1991 Uttarkasshi earthquakes by available empirical relations. Curr Sci 73:543–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurahashi S, Irikura K (2011) Source model for generating strong ground motions during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planets Space 63:571–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai SP (1982) Statistical characterization of strong ground motions using power spectral density function. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72:259–274

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire RK (1977) Seismic design spectra and map** procedures using hazard analysis based directly on oscillator response. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 5(3):211–234

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire RK, Becker AM, Donovan NC (1984) Spectral estimates of seismic shear waves. Bull Seismol Soc Am 74:2167–2185

    Google Scholar 

  • Midorikawa S (1993) Semi empirical estimation of peak ground acceleration from large earthquakes. Tectonophysics 218:287–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikumo T, Irikura K, Imagawa K (1981) Near-field strong motion synthesis from foreshock and aftershock records and rupture process of the main shock fault (abs.). IASPEI 21st general assembly, London

  • Mittal H, Kumar A, Kamal (2013) Ground motion estimation in Delhi from postulated regional and local earthquakes. J Seismol 17(2):593–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittal H, Kumar A (2015) Stochastic finite-fault modeling of mw 5.4 earthquake along Uttarakhand-Nepal border. Nat Hazards 75(2):1145–1166

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittal H, Kumar A, Kumar A, Kumar R (2015) Analysis of ground motion in Delhi from earthquakes recorded by strong motion network. Arab J Geosci 8(4):2005–2017

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittal H, Wu YM, Chen DY, Chao WA (2016) Stochastic finite modeling of ground motion for March 5, 2012, mw 4.6 earthquake and scenario greater magnitude earthquake in the proximity of Delhi. Nat Hazards 82(2):1123–1146

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyahara M, Sasatani T (2004) Estimation of source process of the 1994 SanrikuHaruka–oki earthquake using empirical Green’s function method. Geophys Bull Hokkaido Univ Sapporo Japan 67:197–212 (in Japanese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyake H, Iwata T, Irikura K (2003) Source characterization for broadband ground–motion simulation: kinematic heterogeneous source model and strong motion generation area. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:2531–2545

    Google Scholar 

  • Motazedian D, Atkinson GM (2005) Stochastic finite–fault modelling based on a dynamic corner frequency. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95(3):995–1010

    Google Scholar 

  • Munguia L, Brune JM (1984) Simulations of strong ground motions for earthquakes in the Mexicali–Imperial Valley. Proc. of workshop on strong ground motion simulation and earthquake engineering applications Pub. 85–02. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Los Altos, California 21–1–21–19

  • Nau RF, Oliver RM, Prater KS (1982) Simulating and analyzing artificial nonstationary earthquake ground motions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72:615–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Ordaz M, Arboleda J, Singh SK (1995) A scheme of random summation of an empirical Green's function to estimate ground motions from future large earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:1635–1647

    Google Scholar 

  • Papageorgiou AS, Aki K (1983) A specific barrier model for the quantitative description of inhomogeneous faulting and the prediction of strong ground motion. Part I Description of the model. Bull Seismol Soc Am 73(3):693–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitarka A, Irikura K, Iwata T, Sekiguchi H (1998) Three–dimensional simulation of the near–fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88:428–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghu Kanth STG (2008) Modeling and synthesis of strong ground motion. J Earth Syst Sci 117(S2):683–705

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz JA, Baumont D, Bernard P, Berge-Thierry C (2011) Modelling directivity of strong ground motion with a fractal, k−2, kinematic source model. Geophys J Int 186(1):226–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Safarshahi M, Rezapour M, Hamzehloo H (2013) Stochastic finite-fault Modelling of ground motion for the 2010 Rigan earthquake, southeastern Iran. Bull Seismol Soc Am 103(1):223–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep JA, Kamal KP, Kumar A (2014a) Effect of frequency dependent radiation pattern in simulation of high frequency ground motion of Tohoku earthquake using modified semi empirical method. Nat Hazards 73:1499–1521

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep JA, Kamal KP, Kumari P (2014b) Modeling of strong motion generation area of the Uttarkashi earthquake using modified semi-empirical approach. Nat Hazards 73:2041–2066

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep JA, Kamal KP, Kumar A, Dhibar P (2015) Modeling of strong motion generation areas of the Niigata, Japan, earthquake of 2007 using modified semi empirical technique. Nat Hazards 77:933–957

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep JA, Kumari P, Lal S, Vandana, Kumar P, Kamal (2017a) Emergence of the semi-empirical technique of strong ground motion simulation: a review. J Geol Soc India 89:719–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep JA, Sah SK, Kumar P, Lal S, Vandana K, Singh RS (2017b) Source model estimation of the 2005 Kyushu earthquake, Japan using modified semi empirical technique. J Asian Earth Sci 147:240–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep, Joshi A, Lal S, Kumar P, Vandana, Sah SK, Kamal (2017c) Simulation of strong ground motion of the 2009 Bhutan earthquake using modified semi empirical technique. Pure Appl Geophys 174:4343–4356

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandeep, Joshi A, Sah SK, Kumar P, Lal S, Kamal (2019) Modeling of strong motion generation areas for a great earthquake in Central Seismic Gap (CSG) region of Himalaya using modified semi-empirical approach. J Earth Sys Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1126-5

  • Sharma ML (1998) Attenuation relationship for estimation of peak ground horizontal acceleration using data from strong–motion arrays in India. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88:1063–1069

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma ML, Douglas J, Bungum H, Kotadia J (2009) Ground motion prediction equations based on data from the Himalayan and Zagros regions. J Earthquake Eng 13(8):1191–1210

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma B, Chopra S, Sutar AK, Bansal BK (2013) Estimation of strong ground motion from a great earthquake in central seismic gap region using empirical Green’s function method. Pure Appl Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-013-0647-0

  • Sharma B, Chopra S, Kumar V (2016) Simulation of strong ground motion for 1905 Kangra earthquake and a possible mega thrust earthquake (Mw 8.5) in western Himalaya (India) using empirical Green’s function technique. Nat Hazards 80(1):487–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinozuka M (1988) Engineering modeling of ground motion. In: Proceedings of ninth world conference on earthquake engineering, vol VIII, pp 51–62

  • Shinozuka M, Sato Y (1967) Simulation of nonstationary random process. Proc ASCE 93:11–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Mohanty WK, Bansal BK, Roonwal GS (2002) Ground motion in Delhi from future large/great earthquakes in the central seismic gap of the Himalayan Arc. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92(2):555–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Bansal BK, Bhattacharya SN, Pacheco JF, Dattatrayam RS, Ordaz M, Suresh G, Kamal HSE (2003) Estimation of ground motion for Bhuj (26 January 2001; Mw 7.6) and for future earthquakes in India. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93(1):353–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Somerville PG, Sen MK, Cohee BP (1991) Simulation of strong ground motions recorded during the 1985 Michoacan, Mexico and Valparaiso Chile earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 81:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki W, Iwata T (2007) Source model of the 2005 Miyagi–Oki, Japan, earthquake estimated from broadband strong motions. Earth Planets Space 59:1155–1171

    Google Scholar 

  • Takiguchi M, Asano K, Iwata T (2011) The comparison of source models of repeating subduction–zone earthquakes estimated using broadband strong motion records–1982 and 2008 Ibaraki–ken–okiM7 earthquakes. J Seismol Soc Jpn 63:223–242 (in Japanese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu G, Khattri KN, Anderson JG, Brune JN, Zeng Y (1995) Strong ground motion from the Uttarkashi, Himalaya, India, earthquake: comparison of observations with synthetics using the composite source model. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:31–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Y, Anderson JG (1996) A composite source model of the 1994 Northridge earthquake using genetic algorithms. Bull Seismol Soc Am 86:571–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Y, Anderson JG, Su F (1994) A composite source model for computing realistic synthetic strong ground motions. Geophys Res Lett 21:725–728

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The critical review and constructive suggestions of the editorial board and two anonymous reviewers are sincerely acknowledged. The work presented in this paper is an outcome of the sponsored project from the Science and Engineering Research Board, DST, with project reference no. ECR/2016/000737. The authors are grateful to Dr. Preeti for her valuable efforts to improve the quality of the article. The authors sincerely thank the Dept. of Geophysics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi for providing the required facilities for this research work. Author PK sincerely acknowledges the director of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Sandeep Arora, Shashi Kant Sah & Nagendra Pratap Singh

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India

    A. Joshi, Pushpa Kumari & Sohan Lal

  3. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India

    Parveen Kumar

Authors
  1. Sandeep Arora
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Joshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pushpa Kumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Parveen Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shashi Kant Sah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sohan Lal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Nagendra Pratap Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandeep Arora.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Narasimman Sundararajan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Arora, S., Joshi, A., Kumari, P. et al. Strong ground motion simulation techniques—a review in world context. Arab J Geosci 13, 673 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05583-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05583-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation