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Evaluating Thin-Layer Sediment Placement as a Tool for Enhancing Tidal Marsh Resilience: a Coordinated Experiment Across Eight US National Estuarine Research Reserves

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Abstract

Thin-layer sediment placement (TLP) is a promising management tool for enhancing tidal marsh resilience to rising seas. We conducted a 3-year experiment at eight US National Estuarine Research Reserves using a standardized implementation protocol and subsequent monitoring to evaluate effects of sediment placement on vegetation in low and high marsh, and compared this to control and reference plots. Sediments added to experimental plots were sourced from nearby quarries, were sandier than ambient marsh soils, and had more crab burrowing, but proved effective, suggesting that terrestrial sources can be used for tidal marsh restoration. We found strong differences among sites but detected general trends across the eight contrasting systems. Colonization by marsh plants was generally rapid following sediment addition, such that TLP plot cover was similar to control plots. While we found that 14-cm TLP plots were initially colonized more slowly than 7-cm plots, this difference largely disappeared after three years. In the face of accelerated sea-level rise, we thus recommend adding thicker sediment layers. Despite rapid revegetation, TLP plots did not approximate vegetation characteristics of higher elevation reference plots. Thus, while managers can expect fairly fast revegetation at TLP sites, the ultimate goal of achieving reference marsh conditions may be achieved slowly if at all. Vegetation recovered rapidly in both high and low marsh; thus, TLP can serve as a climate adaptation strategy across the marsh landscape. Our study illustrates the value of conducting experiments across disparate geographies and provides restoration practitioners with guidance for conducting future TLP projects.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Hank Brooks, Carl Cottle, Charlie Deaton, Anna Deck, Alex Demeo, Susie Fork, Evan Hill, Laura Hollander, Rikke Jeppesen, Sean McCain, Jordan Mora, Ken Pollak, Alex Sabo, Vitalii Sheremet, Mackenzie Taggart, and Robin Weber for help with field work. Habibata Sylla, Jayh’ya Gale-Cottries, and Bronwyn Sayre assisted with sample analysis, and Allison Noble helped with R coding. Finally, we are grateful to Nicole Carlozo, Caitlin Chaffee, Erin McLaughlin, Jo Ann Muramoto, Elizabeth Murray, Richard Nye, Christina Toms, Rob Tunstead, James Turek, and Cathy Wigand for serving on the project advisory committee.

Funding

A. Gray’s activity on this project was supported in part by USDA NIFA Hatch project number CA-R-ENS-5120-H and USDA Multi-State Project W4188. This work was sponsored by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System Science Collaborative, which supports collaborative research that addresses coastal management problems important to the reserves. The Science Collaborative is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and managed by the University of Michigan Water Center.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, PO Box 151, Prudence Island, RI, 02872, USA

    Kenneth B. Raposa

  2. Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonville, CA, USA

    Andrea Woolfolk, Monique C. Fountain & Kerstin Wasson

  3. Moss Landing Marine Labs, 8272 Moss Landing Rd., Moss Landing, CA, USA

    Charlie A. Endris

  4. Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

    Gregg Moore & David M. Burdick

  5. Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, 131 Waquoit Highway, Waquoit, MA, USA

    Megan Tyrrell

  6. Chesapeake Bay MD National Estuarine Research Reserve, 580 Taylor Ave., Annapolis, MD, USA

    Rebecca Swerida

  7. Chesapeake Bay VA National Estuarine Research Reserve, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1375 Great Road, Gloucester Point, VA, USA

    Scott Lerberg

  8. North Carolina Coastal Reserve and National Estuarine Research Reserve, 101 Pivers Island Rd, Beaufort, NC, USA

    Brandon J. Puckett

  9. San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA, USA

    Matthew C. Ferner

  10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA

    Jeffrey Hollister

  11. Drexel University, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Lena Champlin, Johannes R. Krause & Elizabeth B. Watson

  12. Florida International University, 11200 SW 8Th St., Miami, FL, USA

    Johannes R. Krause

  13. Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve, Superior, WI, USA

    Dustin Haines

  14. University of California Riverside, 900 University Dr, Riverside, CA, USA

    Andrew B. Gray

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  1. Kenneth B. Raposa
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Correspondence to Kenneth B. Raposa.

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Communicated by Linda Deegan.

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Raposa, K.B., Woolfolk, A., Endris, C.A. et al. Evaluating Thin-Layer Sediment Placement as a Tool for Enhancing Tidal Marsh Resilience: a Coordinated Experiment Across Eight US National Estuarine Research Reserves. Estuaries and Coasts 46, 595–615 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01161-y

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