Log in

Present and future prospective of shape memory alloys during machining by EDM/wire EDM process: a review

  • Published:
Sādhanā Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have various applications in the field of medical science due to its superior properties such as pseudoplasticity, shape memory effect, biocompatibility, high specific strength, high corrosion resistance, high wear resistance and high anti fatigue property. The machining of TiNi shape memory alloys by traditional processes is very crucial due to poor thermal conductivity, poor surface finish and burr formation. Hence, to overcome these problems the non-conventional machining process viz. water jet machining, electrical discharge machining, laser beam machining, etc. are more suitable to machine SMAs. The appropriate non-conventional machining process EDM/wire EDM, provides better machining and surface characteristics during machining of SMAs. The objective of the current work is to identify the research gap for SMAs during their machining by the EDM and Wire EDM process and to identify the future prospective of SMAs for different applications in the field of biomedical.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lin H C, Lin K M and Chen Y C 2000 A study on the machining characteristics of TiNi shape memory alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 105: 327–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Weinert K, Petzoldt V and Buschka M 2002 Machining properties of an austenitic NiTi shape memory alloy. Production Engineering 1: 9–12

    Google Scholar 

  3. Pelton A R, Russell S M and DiCello J 2003 The physical metallurgy of nitinol for medical applications. Jom 55: 33–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Guo Y, Klink A, Fu C and Snyder J 2013 Machinability and surface integrity of Nitinol shape memory alloy. CIRP Annals 62: 83–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Weinert K and Petzoldt V 2004 Machining of NiTi based shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 378: 180–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Choudhary S K and Jadoun R S 2014 Current advanced research development of electric discharge machining (EDM): a review. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology 2: 273–297

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kong M C, Axinte D and Voice W 2011 Challenges in using waterjet machining of NiTi shape memory alloys: An analysis of controlled-depth milling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 211: 959–971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Askeland D R, Fulay P P and Wright W J 2011 The science and engineering of materials. 6th ed. International Thomson, Stamford

  9. Majumder H and Maity K 2018 Application of GRNN and multivariate hybrid approach to predict and optimize WEDM responses for Ni-Ti shape memory alloy. Applied Soft Computing 70: 665–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kumar A, Kumar V and Kumar J 2013 Multi-response optimization of process parameters based on response surface methodology for pure titanium using WEDM process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 68: 2645–2668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Oza A D Kumar, A Badheka V and Arora A 2019 Traveling wire electrochemical discharge machining (TW-ECDM) of quartz using zinc coated brass wire: investigations on material removal rate and kerf width characteristics. Silicon 1–12

  12. Liao Y S and Yu Y P 2004 Study of specific discharge energy in WEDM and its application. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 44: 1373–1380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kumar S D and Ravichandran M 2018 Synthesis, Characterization and Wire Electric Erosion Behaviour of AA7178-10 wt.% ZrB 2 Composite. Silicon 10: 2653–2662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hsieh S F, Chen S L, Lin H C, Lin M H and Chiou S Y 2009 The machining characteristics and shape recovery ability of Ti–Ni–X (X= Zr, Cr) ternary shape memory alloys using the wire electro-discharge machining. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 49: 509–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ulutan D and Ozel T 2011 Machining induced surface integrity in titanium and nickel alloys: A review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 51: 250–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Biesiekierski A, Wang J, Gepreel M A H and Wen C 2012 A new look at biomedical Ti-based shape memory alloys. Acta Biomaterialia 8: 1661–1669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Peng P W, Ou K L, Lin H C, Pan Y N and Wang C H 2010 Effect of electrical discharging on formation of nonporous biocompatible layer on titanium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492: 625–630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pandey A and Singh S 2010 Current research trends in variants of Electrical Discharge Machining: A review. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2: 2172–2191

    Google Scholar 

  19. Chen S L, Hsieh S F, Lin H C, Lin M H and Huang J S 2008 Electrical discharge machining of a NiAlFe ternary shape memory alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 464: 446–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ho K H and Newman S T 2003 State of the art electrical discharge machining (EDM). International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 43: 1287–1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Abdel H and EI Hofy G 2005 Advanced Machining Processes. McGraw- Hill, Yew York 115–139

  22. Theisen W and Schuermann A 2004 Electro discharge machining of nickel–titanium shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 378: 200–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pandey A and Singh S 2011 Some investigations into the electrical discharge machining of super alloy using a rotating disc electrode. Journal of Mechanical Engineering 62: 5–6

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mishra D K, Datta S and Masanta M 2018 Effects of Tool Electrode on EDM Performance of Ti-6Al-4V. Silicon 10: 2263–2277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kolli M and Kumar A 2019 Assessing the influence of surfactant and B4C powder mixed in dielectric fluid on EDM of titanium alloy. Silicon 11: 1731–1743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bhaumik M and Maity K 2019 Effect of electrode materials on different EDM aspects of titanium alloy. Silicon 11: 187–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Huang T S, Hsieh S F, Chen S L, Lin M H, Ou S F and Chang W T 2015 Surface modification of TiNi-based shape memory alloys by dry electrical discharge machining. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 221: 279–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Abidi M, Al-Ahmari A, Siddiquee A, Mian S, Mohammed M and Rasheed M 2017 An investigation of the micro-electrical discharge machining of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy using grey relations coupled with principal component analysis. Metals 7: 486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Fu C H, Liu J F, Guo Y B and Zhao Q Z 2016 A comparative study on white layer properties by laser cutting vs. electrical discharge machining of Nitinol shape memory alloy. Procedia CIRP 42: 246–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Daneshmand S and Masoudi B 2018 Investigation of weight percentage of alumina fiber on EDM of Al/Al2O3 metal matrix composites. Silicon 10: 1003–1011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Markopoulos A P, Pressas I S and Manolakos D E 2016 Manufacturing processes of shape memory alloys. In Materials Forming and Machining 155–180

  32. Kaynak Y, Karaca H E, Noebe R D and Jawahir I S 2013 Analysis of tool-wear and cutting force components in dry, preheated, and cryogenic machining of NiTi shape memory alloys. Procedia CIRP 8: 498–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Abedi E, Daneshmand S, Neyestanak A A L and Monfared V 2014 Analysis and modeling of electro discharge machining input parameters of nitinol shape memory alloy by de-ionized water and copper tools. Journal of Electrochemical Science 9: 2934–2943

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gaikwad V and Jatti V S 2018 Optimization of material removal rate during electrical discharge machining of cryo-treated NiTi alloys using Taguchi’s method. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences 30: 266–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Al-Ahmari A M A, Rasheed M S, Mohammed M K and Saleh T 2016 A hybrid machining process combining micro-EDM and laser beam machining of nickel–titanium-based shape memory alloy. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 31: 447–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mehta K and Gupta K 2019 Machining of Shape Memory Alloys. Fabrication and Processing of Shape Memory Alloys 9–37. Springer, Cham

  37. Lin H C, Lin K M and Cheng I S 2001 The electro-discharge machining characteristics of TiNi shape memory alloys. Journal of Materials Science 36: 399–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hsieh S F, Hsue A W, Chen S L, Lin M H, Ou K L and Mao P L 2013 EDM surface characteristics and shape recovery ability of Ti35. 5Ni48. 5Zr16 and Ni60Al24.5Fe15.5 ternary shape memory alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 571: 63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Alidoosti A, Ghafari-Nazari A, Moztarzadeh F, Jalali N, Moztarzadeh S and Mozafari M 2013 Electrical discharge machining characteristics of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy based on full factorial design. Journal of intelligent Material systems and Structures 24: 1546–1556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen S L, Hsieh S F, Lin H C, Lin M H and Huang J S 2007 Electrical discharge machining of TiNiCr and TiNiZr ternary shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 445: 486–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Zinelis S 2007 Surface and elemental alterations of dental alloys induced by electro discharge machining (EDM). Dental Materials 23: 601–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Velmurugan C, Senthilkumar V, Dinesh S and Arulkirubakaran D 2018 Machining of NiTi-shape memory alloys: A review. Machining Science and Technology 22: 355–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Manjaiah M, Narendranath S and Basavarajappa S 2014 Review on non-conventional machining of shape memory alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24: 12–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Majumder H and Maity K 2018 Prediction and optimization of surface roughness and micro-hardness using grnn and MOORA-fuzzy-a MCDM approach for nitinol in WEDM. Measurement 118: 1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Garg M P, Jain A and Bhushan G 2014 Multi-objective optimization of process parameters in wire electric discharge machining of Ti-6-2-4-2 alloy. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 39: 1465–1476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Gökler M İ and Ozanözgü A M 2000 Experimental investigation of effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness in the WEDM process. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 40: 1831–1848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhang Z, Ming W, Huang H, Chen Z, Xu Z and HuangZhang Y G 2015 Optimization of process parameters on surface integrity in wire electrical discharge machining of tungsten tool YG15. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 81: 1303–1317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Gopal P M 2019 Wire electric discharge machining of silica rich E-waste CRT and BN reinforced hybrid magnesium MMC. Silicon 11: 1429–1440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Goyal A 2017 Investigation of material removal rate and surface roughness during wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of Inconel 625 super alloy by cryogenic treated tool electrode. Journal of King Saud University-Science 29: 528–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Huang H, Zheng H Y and Liu Y 2005 Experimental investigations of the machinability of Ni50. 6Ti49. 4 alloy. Smart Materials and Structures 14: S297

  51. Mahapatra S S and Patnaik A 2007 Optimization of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters using Taguchi method. International journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 34: 911–925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Sommer C, Sommer S and Sommer C 2000 Wire EDM handbook. Advance Publishing

  53. Aoyama S, Tamura K, Satoh T, Kimura T, Sawahata K and Nagai T 1999 High-performance coated wire electrodes for high-speed cutting and accurate machining. Hitachi Cable Review 18: 75–80

    Google Scholar 

  54. Soni H, Narendranath S and Ramesh M R 2018 Experimental investigation on effects of wire electro discharge machining of Ti50Ni45Co5 shape memory alloys. Silicon 10: 2483–2490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Narendranath S, Manjaiah M, Basavarajappa S and Gaitonde V N 2013 Experimental investigations on performance characteristics in wire electro discharge machining of Ti50Ni42.4Cu7.6 shape memory alloy. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 227: 1180–1187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Magabe R, Sharma N, Gupta K and Davim J P 2019 Modeling and optimization of Wire-EDM parameters for machining of Ni 55.8 Ti shape memory alloy using hybrid approach of Taguchi and NSGA-II. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 102: 1703–1717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Bisaria H and Shandilya P 2018 Experimental studies on electrical discharge wire cutting of Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 33: 977–985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Liu J F, Li L and Guo Y B 2014 Surface integrity evolution from main cut mode to finish trim cut mode in W-EDM of shape memory alloy. Applied Surface Science 308: 253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. LotfiNeyestanak A A and Daneshmand S 2013 The effect of operational cutting parameters on Nitinol-60 in wire electrodischarge machining. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/457186. Article ID 457186

  60. Wang Y, Wang Q, Ding Z, He D, **ong W, Chen S and Li Z 2018 Study on the mechanism and key technique of ultrasonic vibration and magnetic field complex assisted WEDM-LS thick shape memory alloy workpiece. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 261: 251–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Manjaiah M, Narendranath S, Basavarajappa S and Gaitonde V N 2016 Influence of process parameters on material removal rate and surface roughness in WED-machining of Ti50Ni40Cu10 shape memory alloy. International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials 18: 36–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Liu J F and Guo Y B 2015 Process capability of wire-EDM of NiTi shape memory alloy at main cut and trim cut modes. Procedia Manufacturing 1: 904–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Manjaiah M, Narendranath S, Basavarajappa S and Gaitonde V N 2014 Wire electric discharge machining characteristics of titanium nickel shape memory alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24: 3201–3209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Soni H, Narendranath S and Ramesh M R 2019 Effects of wire electro-discharge machining process parameters on the machined surface of Ti50Ni49Co1 shape memory alloy. Silicon 11: 733–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Sharma N, Raj T and Jangra K K 2017 Parameter optimization and experimental study on wire electrical discharge machining of porous Ni40Ti60 alloy. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231: 956-970S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Shandilya P, Bisaria H and Jain P K 2018 Parametric study on the recast layer during EDWC of a Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy. Journal of Micromanufacturing 1: 134–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Manjaiah M, Laubscher R F, Narendranath S, Basavarajappa S and Gaitonde V N 2016 Evaluation of wire electro discharge machining characteristics of Ti50Ni50−xCux shape memory alloys. Journal of Materials Research 31: 1801–1808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Manjaiah M, Narendranath S, Basavarajappa S and Gaitonde V N 2018 Investigation on material removal rate, surface and subsurface characteristics in wire electro discharge machining of Ti50Ni50-xCux shape memory alloy. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232: 164–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bisaria H and Shandilya P 2019 Processing of curved profiles on Ni-rich nickel–titanium shape memory alloy by WEDM. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 1–9

  70. Hargovind S, Narendranath S and Ramesh M R 2019 Advanced machining of TiNiCo shape memory alloys for biomedical applications. Emerging Materials Research 8: 14–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Roy B K and Mandal A 2019 Surface integrity analysis of Nitinol-60 shape memory alloy in WEDM. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 1–12

  72. Bisaria H and Shandilya P 2019 Study on crater depth during material removal in WEDC of Ni-rich nickel–titanium shape memory alloy. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 41: 157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Sharma N, Gupta K and Davim J P 2019 On wire spark erosion machining induced surface integrity of Ni55.8Ti shape memory alloys. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 19: 680–693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Liu J F, Li C, Fang X Y, Jordon J B and Guo Y B 2018 Effect of wire-EDM on fatigue of nitinol shape memory alloy. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 33: 1809–1814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Takale A M and Chougule N K 2019 Effect of wire electro discharge machining process parameters on surface integrity of Ti49. 4Ni50. 6 shape memory alloy for orthopedic implant application. Materials Science and Engineering: C 97: 264–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Soni H, Sannayellappa N and Rangarasaiah R M 2017 An experimental study of influence of wire electro discharge machining parameters on surface integrity of TiNiCo shape memory alloy. Journal of Materials Research 32(16): 3100–3108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Manjaiah M, Narendranath S and Basavarajappa S 2016 Wire electro discharge machining performance of TiNiCu shape memory alloy. Silicon 8: 467–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Daneshmand S, Monfared V and Neyestanak A A L 2017 Effect of tool rotational and Al2O3 powder in electro discharge machining characteristics of NiTi-60 shape memory alloy. Silicon 9: 273–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Singh R, Singh R P and Trehan R 2021 State of the art in processing of shape memory alloys with electrical discharge machining: a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235(3): 333–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Kaynak Y 2017 Machining and phase transformation response of room-temperature austenitic NiTi shape memory alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23(9): 3354–3360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaya E and Kaya İ 2020 Tool wear progression of PCD and PCBN cutting tools in high speed machining of NiTi shape memory alloy under various cutting speeds. Diamond and Related Materials 105: 107810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Lee E S, Shin T H, Kim B K and Baek S Y 2010 Investigation of short pulse electrochemical machining for groove process on Ni-Ti shape memory alloy. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 11(1): 113–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Craciunescu C M, Miranda R M, Silva R J C, Assuncao E and Fernandes F B 2011 Laser beam interaction with Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 49(11): 1289–1293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Li C, Nikumb S and Wong F 2006 An optimal process of femtosecond laser cutting of NiTi shape memory alloy for fabrication of miniature devices. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 44(10): 1078–1087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Pfeifer R, Herzog D, Hustedt M and Barcikowski S 2010 Pulsed Nd: YAG laser cutting of NiTi shape memory alloys—Influence of process parameters. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 210(14): 1918–1925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Goyal A, Sharma D, Bhowmick A and Pathak V K 2022 Multi-objective optimization and characterization of cylindricity and material removal rate in nanographene mixed dielectric EDM using ANFIS and MOSOA. Sādhanā 47(3): 1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Sharma D, Bhowmick A and Goyal A 2022 Enhancing EDM performance characteristics of Inconel 625 superalloy using response surface methodology and ANFIS integrated approach. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 37: 155–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Goyal A, Gautam N and Pathak V K 2021 An adaptive neuro-fuzzy and NSGA-II-based hybrid approach for modelling and multi-objective optimization of WEDM quality characteristics during machining titanium alloy. Neural Computing and Applications 33(23): 16659–16674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Tung A T, Park B H, Niemeyer G and Liang D H 2007 Laser-machined shape memory alloy actuators for active catheters. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 12(4): 439–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Yung K C, Zhu H H and Yue T M 2005 Theoretical and experimental study on the kerf profile of the laser micro-cutting NiTi shape memory alloy using 355 nm Nd: YAG. Smart Materials and Structures 14(2): 337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Kong M C, Srinivasu D, Axinte D, Voice W, McGourlay J and Hon B 2013 On geometrical accuracy and integrity of surfaces in multi-mode abrasive waterjet machining of NiTi shape memory alloys. CIRP Annals 62(1): 555–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Goyal A, Rahman H U and Ghani S A C 2021 Experimental investigation & optimisation of wire electrical discharge machining process parameters for Ni49Ti51 shape memory alloy. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences 33(2): 129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding was received for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashish Goyal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Goyal, A., Pandey, A. & Rahman, H.U.R. Present and future prospective of shape memory alloys during machining by EDM/wire EDM process: a review. Sādhanā 47, 217 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-022-01999-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-022-01999-9

Keywords

Navigation