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Evaluation of site effects by develo** an empirical relation between fundamental frequency and thickness of sediments for Shimla city, India

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Abstract

This study focuses on develo** a relation between fundamental frequency (fo) and the depth of sediments above the bedrock. The fundamental frequency of the site ranges from 1.25 to 27.19 Hz, whereas the depth of sediments above the bedrock varies from 2 to 145 m. The eastern Shimla region has a fundamental frequency variation from 3.6 to 5.5 Hz, whereas the western and central parts have a fundamental frequency variation from 1.24 to 5.5 Hz and high frequency (>20 Hz) at isolated locations. The seismic data has also been recorded in active mode using MSOR (multichannel simulation with one receiver) to derive the dispersion curve, enabling the derivation of a 1-D, shear wave velocity (Vs) model using a joint fit modelling procedure. The 1-D profile shows variation in Vs from 180 m/s at the top to 760 m/s at bedrock. As per the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) classification, the sites show that almost 40% of the city area fall under stiff soil and 60% fall under very stiff soil categories. Since most of the study region is covered with forest and slo** terrain, an empirical relationship (H = 154.36fo–1.451; R2 = 0.91) has been established for assessing the thickness of unconsolidated sediments. Furthermore, the thickness of sediments is determined by forward modelling by kee** the constant velocity at bedrock (Vb) 800 m/s. Additionally, the spatial map for sediment thickness is generated using the interpolation approach in combination with the forward modelling and regression analysis techniques. The derived relationship will provide major input for the area sharing similar geographical variability, where long active seismic profiles are not possible.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are extremely thankful to the authorities of the Central University of Himachal Pradesh for extending their support and facilities in various capacities. Additionally, the authors thank the Department of Industries Geological Wing and the Public Work Department of Himachal Pradesh for providing the SPT and borehole log data.

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  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176 215, India

    Harsh Sharma & Ambrish Kumar Mahajan

  2. Department of Environment Science, Swami Vivekanand Government College, Ghumarwin, 174 021, India

    Praveen Kumar

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HS: Material preparation, data collection, analysis and drafting of original manuscript. AKM: Supervision of field survey, data interpretation and drafting of manuscript. PK: Data analysis and drafting of the revised manuscript.

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Sharma, H., Mahajan, A.K. & Kumar, P. Evaluation of site effects by develo** an empirical relation between fundamental frequency and thickness of sediments for Shimla city, India. J Earth Syst Sci 133, 140 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02353-9

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