Abstract
In the current era, manufacturing industries are facing multifaceted challenges related to increasing environmental awareness, decreasing economic gains, and technology obsolesce. These challenges become more apparent during the machining of difficult-to-machine materials due to high tool wear rates, high cutting forces, undesirable surface quality, high tool replacement costs, and a stagnating productivity. The developed approach aims at improving environmental, economic, and technological factors by optimizing four performance characteristics–energy demand, surface roughness, tool wear, and material removal rate during the milling of H13 tool steel by using an integrated artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology provides Pareto solutions for minimum energy demand, surface roughness, & tool wear, and maximum material removal rate. The novelty of this work lies in generating Pareto fronts for analyzing conflicting responses, and determining preferred solutions without sacrificing environmental, technological, and economic considerations, simultaneously. The present work will be significant to practitioners in adopting better management strategies and simultaneously dealing with these challenges. The potential of the research lies in directly integrating the proposed optimization module with the machine tool system to serve as an online tool for machine tool process optimization.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- AMGA:
-
Archive-based micro-genetic algorithm
- ANN:
-
Artificial neural network
- CNC:
-
Computer numerical control
- DFA:
-
Desirability function approach
- ED:
-
Energy demand
- GA:
-
Genetic algorithm
- GRA:
-
Grey relational analysis
- HRC:
-
Hardness Rockwell C
- LDPS:
-
Linear decreasing particle swarm
- AHP:
-
Analytic hierarchy process
- LM:
-
Levenberg Marquardt
- MAPE:
-
Mean absolute prediction error
- MQL:
-
Minimum quantity lubrication
- MRR:
-
Material removal rate
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- Ra :
-
Average surface roughness
- Rz :
-
Mean roughness depth
- RSM:
-
Response surface method
- TW:
-
Tool wear
References
Kara, S., Li, W.: Unit process energy consumption models for material removal processes. CIRP Ann. 60, 37–40 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIRP.2011.03.018
Brillinger, M., Wuwer, M., Abdul Hadi, M., Haas, F.: Energy prediction for CNC machining with machine learning. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 35, 715–723 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIRPJ.2021.07.014
Newman, S.T., Nassehi, A., Imani-Asrai, R., Dhokia, V.: Energy efficient process planning for CNC machining. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 5, 127–136 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2012.03.007
Wang, C.Y., **e, Y.X., Qin, Z., Lin, H.S., Yuan, Y.H., Wang, Q.M.: Wear and breakage of TiAlN- and TiSiN-coated carbide tools during high-speed milling of hardened steel. Wear 336–337, 29–42 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.04.018
Vijayaraghavan, A., Dornfeld, D.: Manufacturing Technology Automated energy monitoring of machine tools. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 59, 21–24 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2010.03.042
Shen, N., Cao, Y., Li, J., Zhu, K., Zhao, C.: A practical energy consumption prediction method for CNC machine tools: cases of its implementation. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 99, 2915–2927 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2550-4
Sangwan, K.S., Saxena, S., Kant, G.: Optimization of machining parameters to minimize surface roughness using integrated ANN-GA approach. Procedia CIRP. 29, 305–310 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.002
Drouillet, C., Karandikar, J., Nath, C., Journeaux, A., El, M., Kurfess, T.: Tool life predictions in milling using spindle power with the neural network technique. J. Manuf. Process. 22, 161–168 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.03.010
Zhu, K., Zhang, Y.: A generic tool wear model and its application to force modeling and wear monitoring in high speed milling. Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 115, 147–161 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.05.045
Malakizadi, A., Shi, B., Hoier, P., Attia, H., Krajnik, P.: Physics-based approach for predicting dissolution - diffusion tool wear in machining. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 69, 81–84 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2020.04.040
Jawahir, I.S., Brinksmeier, E., M’Saoubi, R., Aspinwall, D.K., Outeiro, J.C., Meyer, D., Umbrello, D., Jayal, A.D.: Surface integrity in material removal processes: recent advances. CIRP Ann. 60, 603–626 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2011.05.002
Rotella, G., Dillon, O.W., Umbrello, D., Settineri, L., Jawahir, I.S.: The effects of cooling conditions on surface integrity in machining of Ti6Al4V alloy. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 71, 47–55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5477-9
Jawahir, I.S., Wang, X.: Development of hybrid predictive models and optimization techniques for machining operations. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 185, 46–59 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMATPROTEC.2006.03.133
Qu, S., Zhao, J., Wang, T.: Experimental study and machining parameter optimization in milling thin-walled plates based on NSGA-II. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 89, 2399–2409 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9265-1
Camposeco-Negrete, C.: Optimization of cutting parameters using Response Surface Method for minimizing energy consumption and maximizing cutting quality in turning of AISI 6061 T6 aluminum. J. Clean. Prod. 91, 109–117 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.017
Gupta, A., Shah, R., Dave, H., Khanna, N.: Multi-objective optimization of surface parameters such as concavity, straightness and roughness in milling process. Mater. Today Proc. 5, 5296–5302 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.113
Han, F., Li, L., Cai, W., Li, C., Deng, X., Sutherland, J.W.: Parameters optimization considering the trade-off between cutting power and MRR based on linear decreasing particle swarm algorithm in milling. J. Clean. Prod. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121388
Sangwan, K.S., Sihag, N.: Multi-objective optimization for energy efficient machining with high productivity and quality for a turning process. Procedia CIRP 80, 67–72 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.022
Kant, G., Sangwan, K.S.: Prediction and optimization of machining parameters for minimizing power consumption and surface roughness in machining. J. Clean. Prod. 83, 151–164 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.073
Shokrani, A., Dhokia, V., Newman, S.T.: International journal of machine tools & manufacture environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf 57, 83–101 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2012.02.002
Kene, A.P., Choudhury, S.K.: Analytical modeling of tool health monitoring system using multiple sensor data fusion approach in hard machining. Measurement 145, 118–129 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.05.062
Denkena, B., Abele, E., Brecher, C., Dittrich, M.A., Kara, S., Mori, M.: Energy efficient machine tools. CIRP Ann. 69, 646–667 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2020.05.008
Phokobye, S.N., Daniyan, I.A., Tlhabadira, I., Masu, L., VanStaden, L.R.: Model design and optimization of carbide milling cutter for milling operation of M200 tool steel. Procedia CIRP. 84, 954–959 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.04.300
Bonilla Hernández, A.E., Beno, T., Repo, J., Wretland, A.: Integrated optimization model for cutting data selection based on maximal MRR and tool utilization in continuous machining operations. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 13, 46–50 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIRPJ.2016.02.002
Ringgaard, K., Mohammadi, Y., Merrild, C., Balling, O., Ahmadi, K.: Optimization of material removal rate in milling of thin-walled structures using penalty cost function. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 145, 103430 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2019.103430
Wu, P., He, Y., Li, Y., He, J., Liu, X., Wang, Y.: Multi-objective optimisation of machining process parameters using deep learning-based data-driven genetic algorithm and TOPSIS. J. Manuf. Syst. 64, 40–52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMSY.2022.05.016
Kumar, R., Singh, S., Bilga, P.S., Jatin, J., Singh, S., Singh, M.-L., Scutaru, C.I.P.: Revealing the benefits of entropy weights method for multi-objective optimization in machining operations: a critical review. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 10, 1471–1492 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.114
Hanafi, I., Khamlichi, A., Cabrera, F.M., Almansa, E., Jabbouri, A.: Optimization of cutting conditions for sustainable machining of PEEK-CF30 using TiN tools. J. Clean. Prod. 33, 1–9 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.005
Rajemi, M.F., Mativenga, P.T., Aramcharoen, A.: Sustainable machining: selection of optimum turning conditions based on minimum energy considerations. J. Clean. Prod. 18, 1059–1065 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2010.01.025
Muaz, M., Choudhury, S.K.: Experimental investigations and multi-objective optimization of MQL-assisted milling process for finishing of AISI 4340 steel. Measurement (Lond). 138, 557–569 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.02.048
Fountas, N., et al.: Single and multi-objective optimization methodologies in CNC machining. Statis. Comput. Tech. Manuf. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25859-6_5
Langbauer, R., Nunner, G., Zmek, T., Klarner, J., Prieler, R., Hochenauer, C.: Development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the temperature of hot-rolled steel pipes. Adv. Ind. Manuf. Eng. 5, 100090 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aime.2022.100090
Leone, C., D’Addona, D., Teti, R.: Tool wear modelling through regression analysis and intelligent methods for nickel base alloy machining. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 4, 327–331 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CIRPJ.2011.03.009
Wang, Q., Liu, F., Wang, X.: Multi-objective optimization of machining parameters considering energy consumption. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 71, 1133–1142 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5547-z
Winter, M., Li, W., Kara, S., Herrmann, C.: Determining optimal process parameters to increase the eco-efficiency of grinding processes. J. Clean. Prod. 66, 644–654 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.031
Bagaber, S.A., Yusoff, A.R.: Multi-objective optimization of cutting parameters to minimize power consumption in dry turning of stainless steel 316. J. Clean. Prod. 157, 30–46 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.231
Yan, J., Li, L.: Multi-objective optimization of milling parameters-the trade-offs between energy, production rate and cutting quality. J. Clean. Prod. 52, 462–471 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.030
Nguyen, T.T.: Prediction and optimization of machining energy, surface roughness, and production rate in SKD61 milling. Measurement (Lond). 136, 525–544 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.01.009
Hegab, H., Salem, A., Rahnamayan, S., Kishawy, H.A.: Analysis, modeling, and multi-objective optimization of machining Inconel 718 with nano-additives based minimum quantity coolant. Appl. Soft Comput. 108, 107416 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107416
Su, Y., Li, C., Zhao, G., Li, C., Zhao, G.: Prediction models for specific energy consumption of machine tools and surface roughness based on cutting parameters and tool wear. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. B J. Eng. Manuf. 235, 1225–1234 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405420971064
Yuce, B.E., Nielsen, P.V., Wargocki, P.: The use of Taguchi, ANOVA, and GRA methods to optimize CFD analyses of ventilation performance in buildings. Build Environ. 225, 109587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109587
Baş, D., Boyacı, İH.: Modeling and optimization I: Usability of response surface methodology. J. Food Eng. 78, 836–845 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.024
Yi, Q., Li, C., Tang, Y., Chen, X.: Multi-objective parameter optimization of CNC machining for low carbon manufacturing. J. Clean. Prod. 95, 256–264 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.076
Zhang, X., Yu, T., Dai, Y., Qu, S., Zhao, J.: Energy consumption considering tool wear and optimization of cutting parameters in micro milling process. Int. J. Mech. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105628
Li, Y., Zheng, G., Cheng, X., Yang, X., Xu, R., Zhang, H.: Cutting performance evaluation of the coated tools in high-speed milling of AISI 4340 steel. Materials (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193266
A. Petrilin, Which is better: dry or wet machining? https://www.ctemag.com/news/articles/which-better-dry-or-wet-machining (Accessed 9 February 2022).
Yan, W., Wong, Y.S., Lee, K.S., Ning, T.: An investigation of indices based on milling force for tool wear in milling. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 89–90, 245–253 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00143-0
Sagai Francis Britto, A., Edwin Raj, R., Carolin Mabel, M.: Prediction and optimization of mechanical strength of diffusion bonds using integrated ANN-GA approach with process variables and metallographic characteristics. J. Manuf. Process. 32, 828–838 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMAPRO.2018.04.015
Palanisamy, P., Rajendran, I., Shanmugasundaram, S.: Prediction of tool wear using regression and ANN models in end-milling operation. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 37, 29–41 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-0948-5
Peng, A., **ao, X., Yue, R.: Process parameter optimization for fused deposition modeling using response surface methodology combined with fuzzy inference system. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 73, 87–100 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5796-5
Deb, K., Datta, R.: Hybrid evolutionary multi-objective optimization and analysis of machining operations. Eng. Optim. 44, 685–706 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2011.604316
Li, Y., Jia, M., Han, X., Bai, X.S.: Towards a comprehensive optimization of engine efficiency and emissions by coupling artificial neural network (ANN) with genetic algorithm (GA). Energy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120331
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sangwan, K.S., Kumar, R., Herrmann, C. et al. Modelling and simultaneous optimization of environmental, economic, and technological factors in machining. Int J Interact Des Manuf 18, 859–877 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01569-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01569-1