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Multiple Vantage Points on the Mental Health Effects of Mass Shootings

  • Disaster Psychiatry (CS North and B Pfefferbaum, Section Editors)
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Abstract

The phenomenon of mass shootings has emerged over the past 50 years. A high proportion of rampage shootings have occurred in the United States, and secondarily, in European nations with otherwise low firearm homicide rates; yet, paradoxically, shooting massacres are not prominent in the Latin American nations with the highest firearm homicide rates in the world. A review of the scientific literature from 2010 to early 2014 reveals that, at the individual level, mental health effects include psychological distress and clinically significant elevations in posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in relation to the degree of physical exposure and social proximity to the shooting incident. Psychological repercussions extend to the surrounding affected community. In the aftermath of the deadliest mass shooting on record, Norway has been in the vanguard of intervention research focusing on rapid delivery of psychological support and services to survivors of the “Oslo Terror.”

Grounded on a detailed review of the clinical literature on the mental health effects of mass shootings, this paper also incorporates wide-ranging co-author expertise to delineate: 1) the patterning of mass shootings within the international context of firearm homicides, 2) the effects of shooting rampages on children and adolescents, 3) the psychological effects for wounded victims and the emergency healthcare personnel who care for them, 4) the disaster behavioral health considerations for preparedness and response, and 5) the media “framing” of mass shooting incidents in relation to the portrayal of mental health themes.

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Conflict of Interest

James M. Shultz, Siri Thoresen, Brian W. Flynn, Glenn W. Muschert, Jon A. Shaw, Zelde Espinel, Joshua B. Gaither, Yanira Garcia-Barcena, Kaitlin O’Keefe, and Alyssa M. Cohen declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Frank G. Walter has financial relationship with and has received paid travel expenses from Heyltex Corp.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA

    James M. Shultz

  2. Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway

    Siri Thoresen

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Brian W. Flynn

  4. Sociology, Criminology, and Social Justice Studies; Faculty Affiliate, Comparative Media Studies, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA

    Glenn W. Muschert

  5. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA

    Jon A. Shaw

  6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA

    Zelde Espinel

  7. Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Frank G. Walter

  8. Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Joshua B. Gaither

  9. Department of Health Informatics, Louis Calder Memorial Library, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

    Yanira Garcia-Barcena

  10. Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA

    Kaitlin O’Keefe

  11. Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Alyssa M. Cohen

  12. 251 174 St. #2319, Sunny Isles Beach, FL, USA

    James M. Shultz

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  1. James M. Shultz
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Shultz, J.M., Thoresen, S., Flynn, B.W. et al. Multiple Vantage Points on the Mental Health Effects of Mass Shootings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16, 469 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0469-5

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