Abstract
The selection of important factors in machine learning-based susceptibility assessments is crucial to obtain reliable susceptibility results. In this study, metaheuristic optimization and feature selection techniques were applied to identify the most important input parameters for map** debris flow susceptibility in the southern mountain area of Chengde City in Hebei Province, China, by using machine learning algorithms. In total, 133 historical debris flow records and 16 related factors were selected. The support vector machine (SVM) was first used as the base classifier, and then a hybrid model was introduced by a two-step process. First, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was employed to select the SVM model hyperparameters. Second, two feature selection algorithms, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and PSO, were integrated into the PSO-based SVM model, which generated the PCA-PSO-SVM and FS-PSO-SVM models, respectively. Three statistical metrics (accuracy, recall, and specificity) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were employed to evaluate and validate the performance of the models. The results indicated that the feature selection-based models exhibited the best performance, followed by the PSO-based SVM and SVM models. Moreover, the performance of the FS-PSO-SVM model was better than that of the PCA-PSO-SVM model, showing the highest AUC, accuracy, recall, and specificity values in both the training and testing processes. It was found that the selection of optimal features is crucial to improving the reliability of debris flow susceptibility assessment results. Moreover, the PSO algorithm was found to be not only an effective tool for hyperparameter optimization, but also a useful feature selection algorithm to improve prediction accuracies of debris flow susceptibility by using machine learning algorithms. The high and very high debris flow susceptibility zone appropriately covers 38.01% of the study area, where debris flow may occur under intensive human activities and heavy rainfall events.
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Availability of Data/Materials: All relevant data are available on request from the corresponding author (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-9860).
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (Grant no. 2019QZKK0904), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (Grant no. D2022403032), and S&T Program of Hebei (Grant no. E2021403001). The authors are highly indebted to the data provider, the anonymous reviewers, and the editors, who significantly improved the quality of the paper.
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All authors contributed to the implementation process of this study. ZHAO Haijun: Methodology, Validation, Writing-review & editing. WEI Aihua: Methodology, Software, Writing-original draft. MA Fengshan: Supervision, Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. DAI Fenggang: Investigation, Validation. JIANG Yongbing: Visualization, Investigation. LI Hui: Investigation, Resources.
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Zhao, H., Wei, A., Ma, F. et al. Comparison of debris flow susceptibility assessment methods: support vector machine, particle swarm optimization, and feature selection techniques. J. Mt. Sci. 21, 397–412 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8395-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8395-9